The Influence of Research Follow-Up during COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Distress and Resilience: A Multicenter Cohort Study of Treatment-Resistant Depression
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Demographic Information
2.2.2. The Five-Item Brief Symptom Rating Scale (BSRS-5)
2.2.3. The Nine-Item Concise Mental Health Checklist (CMHC-9)
2.2.4. The Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS)
2.3. Study Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Participants’ Demographics
3.2. Suicide Risk Factors of the Participants at Baseline Interview
3.3. Trend of Mental Distress and Resilience before and after the COVID-19 Outbreak
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n (%)/Mean ± SD | Total | FG (n = 46) | CG (n = 68) | X2/t * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 56.9 ± 14.4 | 57.6 ± 12.0 | 56.4 ± 15.8 | −0.42 (ns) |
Educational years | 11.9 ± 4.7 | 11.9 ± 4.3 | 11.9 ± 5.0 | −0.01 (ns) |
Gender | ||||
Male | 33 (28.9) | 14 (30.4) | 19 (27.9) | −0.29 (ns) |
Female | 81 (71.1) | 32 (69.6) | 49 (72.1) | |
Marital status | ||||
Single | 22 (19.3) | 9 (19.6) | 13 (19.1) | 1.49 (ns) |
Married/cohabited | 64 (56.1) | 28 (60.9) | 36 (52.9) | |
Divorced/separate | 18 (15.8) | 5 (10.9) | 13 (19.1) | |
Widow | 10 (8.8) | 4 (8.6) | 6 (8.8) | |
Religion | ||||
Yes | 86 (75.4) | 35 (76.1) | 51 (75.0) | 0.02 (ns) |
No | 28 (24.6) | 11 (23.9) | 17 (25.0) | |
Employment status | ||||
Yes | 26 (22.8) | 11 (23.9) | 15 (22.1) | 0.05 (ns) |
No | 88 (77.2) | 35 (76.1) | 53 (77.9) |
n (%)/Mean ± SD | Total | FG (n = 46) | CG (n = 68) | X2/t * |
---|---|---|---|---|
Suicide ideation | ||||
One Week | 48 (42.0) | 19 (41.3) | 29 (42.6) | 0.02 (ns) |
Lifetime | 109 (95.6) | 44 (95.7) | 65 (95.6) | −0.02 (ns) |
Suicide attempt | 0.28 (ns) | |||
None | 48 (42.1) | 18 (39.1) | 30 (44.1) | |
Once | 19 (16.7) | 8 (17.4) | 11 (16.2) | |
Twice or more | 47 (41.2) | 20 (43.5) | 27 (39.7) | |
Family suicide history | 4.87 (ns) | |||
None | 80 (70.2) | 37 (80.4) | 43 (63.2) | |
Suicide attempt | 13 (11.4) | 2 (4.3) | 11 (16.2) | |
Death from suicide | 21 (18.4) | 7 (15.2) | 14 (20.6) | |
CMHC-9 | ||||
Item 1: Insomnia, past week | 53 (46.5) | 23 (50.0) | 30 (44.1) | −0.61 (ns) |
Item 2: Anxiety, past week | 47 (41.2) | 20 (43.5) | 27 (39.7) | −0.40 (ns) |
Item 3: Irritability, past week | 54 (47.4) | 21 (45.7) | 33 (48.5) | 0.30 (ns) |
Item 4: Depressed mood, past week | 62 (54.4) | 23 (50.0) | 39 (57.4) | 0.77 (ns) |
Item 5: Inferiority, past week | 58 (50.9) | 25 (54.3) | 33 (48.5) | −0.61 (ns) |
Item 6: Suicide attempt/self-harm, lifetime | 68 (59.6) | 30 (65.2) | 38 (55.9) | −0.99 (ns) |
Item 7: Alcohol/drug abuse, lifetime | 42 (36.8) | 14 (30.4) | 28 (41.2) | 1.16 (ns) |
Item 8: Stated future suicide intent | 21 (18.4) | 6 (13.0) | 15 (22.1) | 1.22 (ns) |
Item 9: Lack of social support | 55 (48.2) | 23 (50.0) | 32 (47.1) | −0.31 (ns) |
Total | 4.04 ± 2.60 | 4.02 ± 2.85 | 4.04 ± 2.44 | 0.05 (ns) |
T0 a | T1 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%)/Mean ± SD | FG b (n = 46) | CG (n = 68) | X2/t | FG (n = 46) | CG (n = 68) | X2/t |
BSRS-5 | ||||||
Total scores | 12.4 ± 6.6 | 11.8 ± 5.9 | −0.52 | 9.8 ± 6.7 | 11.1 ± 7.2 | 0.97 |
Mental distress levels | ||||||
Low (0–5) | 8 (17.4) | 11 (16.2) | 0.04 | 15 (32.6) | 21 (30.9) | 7.32 * |
Moderate (6–9) | 7 (15.2) | 11 (16.2) | 9 (19.6) | 3 (4.4) | ||
Severe (≥10) | 31 (67.4) | 46 (67.6) | 22 (47.8) | 44 (64.7) | ||
BRCS | ||||||
Total scores | 11.5 ± 3.9 | 11.8 ± 3.8 | 3.92 | 13.2 ± 3.3 | 10.8 ± 4.2 | −3.18 ** |
Resilience levels (tertiles) | ||||||
Low (4–10) | 18 (39.1) | 25 (36.8) | 0.12 | 10 (21.7) | 30 (44.1) | 6.08 * |
Medium (11–14) | 19 (41.3) | 28 (41.2) | 19 (41.3) | 21 (30.9) | ||
High (≥15) | 9 (19.6) | 15 (22.0) | 17 (37.0) | 17 (25.0) |
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Huong, P.T.T.; Wu, C.-Y.; Lee, M.-B.; Hung, W.-C.; Chen, I.-M.; Chen, H.-C. The Influence of Research Follow-Up during COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Distress and Resilience: A Multicenter Cohort Study of Treatment-Resistant Depression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063738
Huong PTT, Wu C-Y, Lee M-B, Hung W-C, Chen I-M, Chen H-C. The Influence of Research Follow-Up during COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Distress and Resilience: A Multicenter Cohort Study of Treatment-Resistant Depression. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063738
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuong, Pham Thi Thu, Chia-Yi Wu, Ming-Been Lee, Wei-Chieh Hung, I-Ming Chen, and Hsi-Chung Chen. 2022. "The Influence of Research Follow-Up during COVID-19 Pandemic on Mental Distress and Resilience: A Multicenter Cohort Study of Treatment-Resistant Depression" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063738