An Ecological Dynamics Approach to Understanding Human-Environment Interactions in the Adventure Sport Context—Implications for Research and Practice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Previous Definitions of ‘Non-Traditional’ Sports
2.1. Delineations of ‘Action and Adventure Sports’ and Traditional, Competitive Sports
2.2. ‘Adventure’ within Action and Adventure Sports
2.3. Characteristics of Extreme Adventure Sports
3. Constraints, Affordances, and Form of Life in the Adventure Sport Context
3.1. Constraints
3.2. Affordances
3.3. Adventure Sport Niche as a Form of Life
“Ecologists have the concept of a niche. A species of animal is said to utilize or occupy a certain niche in the environment. This is not quite the same as the habitat of the species; a niche refers more to how an animal lives than to where it lives. I suggest that a niche is a set of affordances.”[51] (p. 128)
3.4. Skill as an Essential Element in the Formation of an Adventure Sport Niche
- (1).
- Human forms of life have general action and movement capabilities due to phylogenetic and ontogenetic development processes over millions of years (contrasting with development of, for instance, birds or fish). Additionally, there has been the potential to collectively manufacture and utilize equipment and tools, which afford gliding on different surfaces in different contexts (such as snowboarding or skiing as recreation, sledging for transporting food or cross-country skiing as locomotion or locomotion-aid in hunting)
- (2).
- There exist specific and distinguishing sociocultural practices, i.e., regularities in the performances, behaviors and experiences of groups of people who utilize gliding and sliding movements recreationally or competitively in specific contexts, situations and geological locations. Examples include snowboarding in urban environments, executing rail tricks, performing carving turns on maintained runs of ski resorts, or splitboarding utilizing mountaineering skills to vertically traverse natural mountain environments.
- (3).
- A more detailed analysis indicates that skilled engagement with affordances is highly individualized, diverse, and multi-dimensional within a specific sociocultural frame of reference. For instance, an individual might choose to attend to a half-pipe competition one day to win, snowboard at a resort for personal recognition among their peers on the next day, ride an extremely steep and challenging descent on an untouched mountain face to undergo life-changing and transformative experiences on a third, and hire a mountain guide to explore a new mountain range on the fourth day.
3.5. Adventure Sport Niche as a Dynamical Complex System
3.6. Characterization of Skill and Skill Transfer in Adventure Sports
3.7. The Relations between Generality and Specificity of Practice and Learning in Adventure Sports
3.8. Representative Design as Precursor of Skill Acquisition and Expertise in Uncertain Adventure Sport Environments
3.9. How Ecological Dynamics Can Enhance Research and Practice in the Exemplary Field of Avalanche Education and Research
4. Concluding Remarks
4.1. Understanding and Defining Adventure Sports
4.2. Limitations
4.3. Implications for Research
4.4. Implications for Practice
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Collins, L.; Brymer, E. Understanding nature sports: A participant centered perspective and its implications for the design and facilitating of learning and performance. Ann. Leis. Res. 2020, 23, 110–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Collins, L.; Carson, H.J. Proposing a new conceptualisation for modern sport based on environmental and regulatory constraints: Implications for research, coach education and professional practice. J. Adventure Educ. Outdoor Learn. 2021, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Immonen, T.; Brymer, E.; Davids, K.; Liukkonen, J.; Jaakkola, T. An ecological conceptualization of extreme sports. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 1274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Immonen, T.; Brymer, E.; Orth, D.; Davids, K.; Feletti, F.; Liukkonen, J.; Jaakkola, T. Understanding action and adventure sports participation—an ecological dynamics perspective. Sports Med.-Open 2017, 3, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Button, C.; Seifert, L.; Chow, J.Y.; Davids, K.; Araujo, D. Dynamics of Skill Acquisition: An Ecological Dynamics Approach; Human Kinetics Publishers: Champain, IL, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Brymer, E.; Schweitzer, R.D. Evoking the ineffable: The phenomenology of extreme sports. Psychol. Conscious Theory Res. Pract. 2017, 4, 63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dunwoody, P.T. The neglect of the environment by cognitive psychology. J. Theor. Philos. Psychol. 2006, 26, 139. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Davids, K.; Araújo, D. The concept of ‘Organismic asymmetry’in sport science. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2010, 13, 633–640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Self, D.R.; De Vries Henry, E.; Findley, C.S.; Reilly, E. Thrill seeking: The type T personality and extreme sports. Int. J. Sport Manag. Mark. 2007, 2, 175–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rossi, B.; Cereatti, L. The sensation seeking in mountain athletes as assessed by zuckerman’s sensation seeking scale. Int. J. Sport Psychol. 1993, 24, 417–431. [Google Scholar]
- Breivik, G. Dangerous play with the elements: Towards a phenomenology of risk sports. Sport Ethics Philos. 2011, 5, 314–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Laurendeau, J. “Gendered risk regimes”: A theoretical consideration of edgework and gender. Sociol. Sport J. 2008, 25, 293–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Laurendeau, J. “He didn’t go in doing a skydive”: Sustaining the illusion of control in an edgework activity. Sociol. Perspect. 2006, 49, 583–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Appelqvist-Schmidlechner, K.; Kyröläinen, H.; Häkkinen, A.; Vasankari, T.; Mäntysaari, M.; Honkanen, T.; Vaara, J.P. Childhood sports participation is associated with health-related quality of life in young men: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Front. Sports Act. Living. 2021, 3, 74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wittgenstein, L. Philosophical Investigations; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 1953. [Google Scholar]
- Ellmer, E.; Rynne, S.B. Learning in high-performance action sports—insights into new and evolving contexts. Phys. Educ. Sport Pedagog. 2021, 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wheaton, B.; Thorpe, H. Action sports, the olympic games, and the opportunities and challenges for gender equity: The cases of surfing and skateboarding. J. Sport Soc. Issues 2018, 42, 315–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mackenzie, S.H.; Hodge, K. Adventure recreation and subjective well-being: A conceptual framework. Leis. Stud. 2020, 39, 26–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Breivik, G. Trends in adventure sports in a post-modern society. Sport Soc. 2010, 13, 260–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Batuev, M. “Free sports”: Organizational Evolution from Participatory Activities to Olympic Sports. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Stirling, Scotland, UK, October 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Wheaton, B.; Doidge, M. Exploring the social benefit of informal and lifestyle sports. J. Sport Sci. Phys. Educ. 2015, 68, 45–49. [Google Scholar]
- Thorpe, H. Understanding ‘alternative’sport experiences: A contextual approach for sport psychology. Int. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2009, 7, 359–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woodman, T.; Barlow, M.; Bandura, C.; Hill, M.; Kupciw, D.; MacGregor, A. Not all risks are equal: The risk taking inventory for high-risk sports. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2013, 35, 479–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Frühauf, A.; Zenzmaier, J.; Kopp, M. Does age matter? A qualitative comparison of motives and aspects of risk in adolescent and adult freeriders. J. Sports Sci. Med. 2020, 19, 112. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Mackenzie, S.H.; Brymer, E. Conceptualizing adventurous nature sport: A positive psychology perspective. Ann. Leis. Res. 2020, 23, 79–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Krein, K.J. Nature sports. J. Philos. Sport 2014, 41, 193–208. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohen, R.; Baluch, B.; Duffy, L.J. Defining extreme sport: Conceptions and misconceptions. Front. Psychol. 2018, 1974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brymer, E.; Schweitzer, R. Extreme sports are good for your health: A phenomenological understanding of fear and anxiety in extreme sport. J. Health Psychol. 2013, 18, 477–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mackenzie, S.H.; Hodge, K.; Boyes, M. Expanding the flow model in adventure activities: A reversal theory perspective. J. Leis. Res. 2011, 43, 519–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brymer, E.; Oades, L.G. Extreme sports: A positive transformation in courage and humility. J. Humanist. Psychol. 2009, 49, 114–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varley, P.J. Sea kayakers at the margins: The liminoid character of contemporary adventures. Leis. Stud. 2011, 30, 85–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clough, P.; Mackenzie, S.H.; Mallabon, L.; Brymer, E. Adventurous physical activity environments: A mainstream intervention for mental health. Sports Med. 2016, 46, 963–968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kerr, J.H.; Mackenzie, S.H. Multiple motives for participating in adventure sports. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2012, 13, 649–657. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Allman, T.L.; Mittelstaedt, R.D.; Martin, B.; Goldenberg, M. Exploring the motivations of BASE jumpers: Extreme sport enthusiasts. J. Sport Tour. 2009, 14, 229–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Willig, C. A phenomenological investigation of the experience of taking part inExtreme sports’. J. Health Psychol. 2008, 13, 690–702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frühauf, A.; Hardy, W.A.; Pfoestl, D.; Hoellen, F.; Kopp, M. A qualitative approach on motives and aspects of risks in freeriding. Front. Psychol. 2017, 8, 1998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Wiersma, L.D. A phenomenological investigation of the psychology of big-wave surfing at maverick’s. Sport Psychol. 2014, 28, 151–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holmbom, M.; Brymer, E.; Schweitzer, R.D. Transformations through proximity flying: A phenomenological investigation. Front. Psychol. 2017, 8, 1831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Houge Mackenzie, S.; Hodge, K.; Filep, S. How does adventure sport tourism enhance well-being? A conceptual model. Tour. Recreat. Res. 2021, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Creyer, E.; Ross, W.; Evers, D. Risky recreation: An exploration of factors influencing the likelihood of participation and the effects of experience. Leis. Stud. 2003, 22, 239–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Warshaw, M. The Encyclopedia of Surfing; Houghton Mifflin Harcourt: Boston, MA, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Chouinard, Y. Some Stories: Lessons from the Edge of Business and Sport; Patagonia Books: Ventura, CA, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Terray, L. Conquistadors of the Useless; Mountaineers Books: Seattle, WA, USA, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Darbon, S. Introduction. la diffusion des sports: Confrontations disciplinaires et enjeux méthodologiques. Ethnol. Française 2011, 41, 581–592. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Albrecht, G. Psychoterratic conditions in a scientific and technological world. Ecopsychology Sci. Totems Technol. Species 2012, 241–264. [Google Scholar]
- Brymer, E.; Gray, T. Dancing with nature: Rhythm and harmony in extreme sport participation. J. Adventure Educ. Outdoor Learn. 2009, 9, 135–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Brymer, E.; Schweitzer, R.D. Phenomenology and extreme sports in natural landscapes. In Landscapes of Leisure; Palgrave Macmillan: London, UK, 2015; pp. 135–146. [Google Scholar]
- Komar, J.; Ong, C.Y.Y.; Choo, C.Z.Y.; Chow, J.Y. Perceptual-motor skill transfer: Multidimensionality and specificity of both general and specific transfers. Acta Psychol. 2021, 217, 103321. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vaughan, J.; Mallett, C.J.; Davids, K.; Potrac, P.; López-Felip, M.A. Developing creativity to enhance human potential in sport: A wicked transdisciplinary challenge. Front. Psychol. 2019, 10, 2090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hristovski, R.; Davids, K.; Araujo, D.; Passos, P. Constraints-induced emergence of functional novelty in complex neurobiological systems: A basis for creativity in sport. Nonlinear Dyn.-Psychol. Life Sci. 2011, 15, 175. [Google Scholar]
- Gibson, J.J. The Ecological Approach to Visual Perception: Classic Edition; Psychology Press: New York, NY, USA, 1979. [Google Scholar]
- Woods, C.T.; Rothwell, M.; Rudd, J.; Robertson, S.; Davids, K. Representative co-design: Utilising a source of experiential knowledge for athlete development and performance preparation. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2021, 52, 101804. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Araujo, D.; Davids, K.; Hristovski, R. The ecological dynamics of decision making in sport. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2006, 7, 653–676. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ross, E.; Gupta, L.; Sanders, L. When research leads to learning, but not action in high performance sport. Prog. Brain Res. 2018, 240, 201–217. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Newell, K.M. Constraints on the Development of Coordination. In Motor Development in Children: Aspects of Coordination and Control; Wade, M.G., Whiting, H.T.A., Eds.; The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht, 1986; pp. 341–360. [Google Scholar]
- Dashper, K.; Brymer, E. An ecological-phenomenological perspective on multispecies leisure and the horse-human relationship in events. Leis. Stud. 2019, 38, 394–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seifert, L.; Orth, D.; Button, C.; Brymer, E.; Davids, K. An ecological dynamics framework for the acquisition of perceptual–motor skills in climbing. In Extreme Sports Medicine; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 365–382. [Google Scholar]
- Withagen, R.; Araújo, D.; de Poel, H.J. Inviting affordances and agency. New Ideas Psychol. 2017, 45, 11–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Withagen, R.; De Poel, H.J.; Araújo, D.; Pepping, G. Affordances can invite behavior: Reconsidering the relationship between affordances and agency. New Ideas Psychol. 2012, 30, 250–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Davids, K.; Araújo, D.; Brymer, E. Designing affordances for health-enhancing physical activity and exercise in sedentary individuals. Sports Med. 2016, 46, 933–938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peacock, S.; Brymer, E.; Davids, K.; Dillon, M. An ecological dynamics perspective on adventure tourism. Tour. Rev. Int. 2017, 21, 307–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rietveld, E.; Kiverstein, J. A rich landscape of affordances. Ecol. Psychol. 2014, 26, 325–352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van Dijk, L.; Rietveld, E. Foregrounding sociomaterial practice in our understanding of affordances: The skilled intentionality framework. Front. Psychol. 2017, 7, 1969. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Turvey, M.T. Affordances and prospective control: An outline of the ontology. Ecol. Psychol. 1992, 4, 173–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ingold, T. The Perception of the Environment: Essays on Livelihood, Dwelling and Skill; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Pyysiäinen, J. Sociocultural affordances and enactment of agency: A transactional view. Theory Psychol. 2021, 0959354321989431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chemero, A. An outline of a theory of affordances. In How Shall Affordances Be Refined? Four Perspectives; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 181–195. [Google Scholar]
- Bronfenbrenner, U. Making Human Beings Human: Bioecological Perspectives on Human Development; Sage: Oaks, CA, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Wagman, J.B.; Stoffregen, T.A. It doesn’t add up: Nested affordances for reaching are perceived as a complex particular. Atten. Percept. Psychophys. 2020, 82, 3832–3841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seifert, L.; Dicks, M.; Wittmann, F.; Wolf, P. The perception of nested affordances: An examination of expert climbers. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2021, 52, 101843. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Button, C.; Button, A.J.; Jackson, A.; Cotter, J.D.; Maraj, B. Teaching foundational aquatic skills to children in open water environments. Int. J. Aquat. Res. Educ. 2020, 13, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rossing, N.; Skrubbeltrang, L. The language of football: A cultural analysis of selected world cup nations. Sport Soc. 2017, 20, 599–611. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woods, C.T.; Davids, K. “You look at an ocean; I see the rips, hear the waves, and feel the currents”: Dwelling and the growth of enskiled inhabitant knowledge. Ecol. Psychol. 2021, 33, 279–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Woods, C.T.; Robertson, S.; Rudd, J.; Araújo, D.; Davids, K. ‘Knowing as we go’: A hunter-gatherer behavioural model to guide innovation in sport science. Sports Med.-Open 2020, 6, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Orth, D.; Davids, K.; Chow, J.; Brymer, E.; Seifert, L. Behavioral repertoire influences the rate and nature of learning in climbing: Implications for individualized learning design in preparation for extreme sports participation. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 949. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reed, E.S.; Bril, B. The primacy of action in development. Dexterity Dev. 1996, 431–451. [Google Scholar]
- Kostrubiec, V.; Fuchs, A.; Kelso, J.A. Beyond the blank slate: Routes to learning new coordination patterns depend on the intrinsic dynamics of the learner—experimental evidence and theoretical model. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2012, 6, 222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Leach, D.; Kolokotroni, Z.; Wilson, A.D. Perceptual information supports transfer of learning in coordinated rhythmic movement. Psychol. Res. 2021, 85, 1167–1182. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Pacheco, M.M.; Newell, K.M. Transfer as a function of exploration and stabilization in original practice. Hum. Mov. Sci. 2015, 44, 258–269. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Woods, C.T.; Rudd, J.; Robertson, S.; Davids, K. Wayfinding: How ecological perspectives of navigating dynamic environments can enrich our understanding of the learner and the learning process in sport. Sports Med.-Open 2020, 6, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Davids, K.; Otte, F.; Rothwel, M. Adopting an ecological perspective on skill performance and learning in sport. Eur. J. Hum. Mov. 2021, 46, 1–3. [Google Scholar]
- Seifert, L.; Boulanger, J.; Orth, D.; Davids, K. Environmental design shapes perceptual-motor exploration, learning, and transfer in climbing. Front. Psychol. 2015, 6, 1819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Seifert, L.; Wattebled, L.; L’Hermette, M.; Bideault, G.; Herault, R.; Davids, K. Skill transfer, affordances and dexterity in different climbing environments. Hum. Mov. Sci. 2013, 32, 1339–1352. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seifert, L.; Orth, D.; Boulanger, J.; Dovgalecs, V.; Hérault, R.; Davids, K. Climbing skill and complexity of climbing wall design: Assessment of jerk as a novel indicator of performance fluency. J. Appl. Biomech. 2014, 30, 619–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wormhoudt, R.; Savelsbergh, G.J.; Teunissen, J.W.; Davids, K. The Athletic Skills Model: Optimizing Talent Development through Movement Education; Routledge: Oxfordshire, UK, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Travassos, B.; Araújo, D.; Davids, K. Is futsal a donor sport for football? Exploiting complementarity for early diversification in talent development. Sci. Med. Football 2018, 2, 66–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Strafford, B.W.; Van Der Steen, P.; Davids, K.; Stone, J.A. Parkour as a donor sport for athletic development in youth team sports: Insights through an ecological dynamics lens. Sports Med.-Open 2018, 4, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ribeiro, J.; Davids, K.; Silva, P.; Coutinho, P.; Barreira, D.; Garganta, J. Talent development in sport requires athlete enrichment: Contemporary insights from a nonlinear pedagogy and the athletic skills model. Sports Med. 2021, 51, 1115–1122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pinder, R.A.; Davids, K.; Renshaw, I.; Araújo, D. Representative learning design and functionality of research and practice in sport. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 2011, 33, 146–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Brunswik, E. Perception and the Representative Design of Psychological Experiments; Univ of California Press: Oakland, CA, USA, 1956. [Google Scholar]
- Pinder, R.A. Representative Learning Design in Dynamic Interceptive Actions. Ph.D. Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Mannberg, A.; Hendrikx, J.; Johnson, J.; Hetland, A. Powder fever and its impact on decision-making in avalanche terrain. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson, J.; Mannberg, A.; Hendrikx, J.; Hetland, A.; Stephensen, M. Rethinking the heuristic traps paradigm in avalanche education: Past, present and future. Cogent Soc. Sci. 2020, 6, 1807111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tremper, B. Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain; Mountaineers Books: Seattle, WA, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Landrø, M. Why Is it Safe–Enough? Decision-Making in Avalanche Terrain. Ph.D. Thesis, The Arctic University of Norway UiT, Tromsø, Norway, October 2021. [Google Scholar]
- McCammon, I. Heuristic traps in recreational avalanche accidents: Evidence and implications. Avalanche News 2004, 68, 42–50. [Google Scholar]
- Stephensen, M.B.; Martiny-Huenger, T. Liking and perceived safety across judgments of distinct instances of a category of activity. J. Risk Res. 2021, 24, 1482–1498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sullivan, M.O.; Vaughan, J.; Rumbold, J.L.; Davids, K. The learning in development research framework for sports organizations. Sport Educ. Soc. 2021, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Juarrero, A. Dynamics in action: Intentional behavior as a complex system. Emergence 2000, 2, 24–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Read, G.J.; Shorrock, S.; Walker, G.H.; Salmon, P.M. State of science: Evolving perspectives on ‘human error’. Ergonomics 2021, 64, 1091–1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tracy, S.J.; Hinrichs, M.M. Big tent criteria for qualitative quality. Int. Encycl. Commun. Res. Methods 2017, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brymer, E.; Lacaze, A. An overview of sustainable development goal 3. In The Routledge Handbook of Sport and Sustainable Development; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2022; p. 8. [Google Scholar]
- Michaels, C.F.; Palatinus, Z. A ten commandments for ecological psychology. In The Routledge Handbook of Embodied Cognition; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 19–28. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zsolt-Palatinus/publication/308740195_A_Ten_Commandments_for_Ecological_Psychology/links/5adef424a6fdcc29358d9e8a/A-Ten-Commandments-for-Ecological-Psychology.pdf (accessed on 11 January 2022).
Increased positive psychological outcomes, such as resilience and self-efficacy | (Brymer & Schweitzer, 2013 [28]; Mackenzie, Hodge, & Boyes, 2011 [29]) |
Experiences of connection with nature | (Brymer & Oades, 2009 [30]; Varley, 2011 [31]) |
Increased physical activity levels | (Clough, Mackenzie, Mallabon, & Brymer, 2016 [32]) |
Relieving boredom and social rela tionships | (Kerr & Mackenzie, 2012 [33]) |
Pushing personal boundaries and overcoming fear | (Allman, Mittelstaedt, Martin, & Goldenberg, 2009 [34]; Brymer & Oades, 2009 [30]) |
Enjoyable kinesthetic sensations | (Varley, 2011 [31]) |
Control, mastery and skill | (Allman et al., 2009 [34]) |
Specific goal achievement | (Willig, 2008 [35]) |
Contribution to deep friendships | (Frühauf, Hardy, Pfoestl, Hoellen, & Kopp, 2017 [36]; Wiersma, 2014 [37]) |
Overcoming challenge | (Frühauf et al., 2017 [36]; Kerr & Mackenzie, 2012 [33]) |
Positive transformational experiences | (Brymer & Schweitzer, 2017 [7]; Holmbom et al., 2017 [38]) |
Opportunities to fulfill basic psychological needs of autonomy, relatedness and competence | (Houge Mackenzie & Hodge, 2020; Houge Mackenzie, Hodge, & Filep, 2021 [39]). |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Immonen, T.; Brymer, E.; Davids, K.; Jaakkola, T. An Ecological Dynamics Approach to Understanding Human-Environment Interactions in the Adventure Sport Context—Implications for Research and Practice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 3691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063691
Immonen T, Brymer E, Davids K, Jaakkola T. An Ecological Dynamics Approach to Understanding Human-Environment Interactions in the Adventure Sport Context—Implications for Research and Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(6):3691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063691
Chicago/Turabian StyleImmonen, Tuomas, Eric Brymer, Keith Davids, and Timo Jaakkola. 2022. "An Ecological Dynamics Approach to Understanding Human-Environment Interactions in the Adventure Sport Context—Implications for Research and Practice" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 6: 3691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063691
APA StyleImmonen, T., Brymer, E., Davids, K., & Jaakkola, T. (2022). An Ecological Dynamics Approach to Understanding Human-Environment Interactions in the Adventure Sport Context—Implications for Research and Practice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3691. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063691