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Volume 19
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10.3390/ijerph19052819
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Review

The Identification and Management of High Blood Pressure Using Exercise Blood Pressure: Current Evidence and Practical Guidance

by
Martin G. Schultz
1,*,
Katharine D. Currie
2,
Kristofer Hedman
3,
Rachel E. Climie
1,
Andrew Maiorana
4,
Jeff S. Coombes
5 and
James E. Sharman
1
1
Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
2
Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
3
Department of Clinical Physiology in Linköping, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
4
Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Curtin University and Allied Health Department, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
5
School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19(5), 2819; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052819
Submission received: 1 December 2021 / Revised: 16 February 2022 / Accepted: 24 February 2022 / Published: 28 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Prescription of Exercise to Improve Cardiovascular Health)
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Abstract

High blood pressure (BP) is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). The identification of high BP is conventionally based on in-clinic (resting) BP measures, performed within primary health care settings. However, many cases of high BP go unrecognised or remain inadequately controlled. Thus, there is a need for complementary settings and methods for BP assessment to identify and control high BP more effectively. Exaggerated exercise BP is associated with increased CVD risk and may be a medium to improve identification and control of high BP because it is suggestive of high BP gone undetected on the basis of standard in-clinic BP measures at rest. This paper provides the evidence to support a pathway to aid identification and control of high BP in clinical exercise settings via the measurement of exercise BP. It is recommended that exercise professionals conducting exercise testing should measure BP at a fixed submaximal exercise workload at moderate intensity (e.g., ~70% age-predicted heart rate maximum, stage 1–2 of a standard Bruce treadmill protocol). If exercise systolic BP is raised (≥170 mmHg), uncontrolled high BP should be assumed and should trigger correspondence with a primary care physician to encourage follow-up care to ascertain true BP control (i.e., home, or ambulatory BP) alongside a hypertension-guided exercise and lifestyle intervention to lower CVD risk related to high BP.
Keywords: exercise physiology; exercise testing; blood pressure; cardiovascular disease exercise physiology; exercise testing; blood pressure; cardiovascular disease

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MDPI and ACS Style

Schultz, M.G.; Currie, K.D.; Hedman, K.; Climie, R.E.; Maiorana, A.; Coombes, J.S.; Sharman, J.E. The Identification and Management of High Blood Pressure Using Exercise Blood Pressure: Current Evidence and Practical Guidance. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052819

AMA Style

Schultz MG, Currie KD, Hedman K, Climie RE, Maiorana A, Coombes JS, Sharman JE. The Identification and Management of High Blood Pressure Using Exercise Blood Pressure: Current Evidence and Practical Guidance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052819

Chicago/Turabian Style

Schultz, Martin G., Katharine D. Currie, Kristofer Hedman, Rachel E. Climie, Andrew Maiorana, Jeff S. Coombes, and James E. Sharman. 2022. "The Identification and Management of High Blood Pressure Using Exercise Blood Pressure: Current Evidence and Practical Guidance" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052819

APA Style

Schultz, M. G., Currie, K. D., Hedman, K., Climie, R. E., Maiorana, A., Coombes, J. S., & Sharman, J. E. (2022). The Identification and Management of High Blood Pressure Using Exercise Blood Pressure: Current Evidence and Practical Guidance. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2819. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052819

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