Atmospheric Organic Nitrogen Deposition in Strategic Water Sources of China after COVID-19 Lockdown
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The DTN, DON and Urea-N in AND decreased during epidemic lockdown.
- The decrease can be explained by traffic stopping and fertilization being delayed.
- The nitrogen deposition flux in the Danjiangkou area is at a medium level in China.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Locations
2.2. Sampling Method
3. Results
3.1. DTN Distribution
3.2. DON Distribution
3.3. Urea-N Distribution
4. Discussion
4.1. Climatic Conditions of Reservoir
4.2. Deposition Flux Comparison
4.3. Effects of Land Use Types on Nitrogen Deposition
4.3.1. Analysis of Land Use Types
4.3.2. Distribution of DTN before and after the Epidemic
4.3.3. Distribution of DON before and after the Epidemic
4.3.4. Distribution of Urea-N before and after the Epidemic
4.4. Intra City and Intercity Travel during Lockdown
4.4.1. Intra City Travel
4.4.2. Intercity Travel
5. Conclusions
- (1)
- In December 2019, the COVID-19 outbreak broke out worldwide. On 30 January 2020, China had entered a state of comprehensive and strict control, and population movement was in lockdown. The periods of lockdown in China can be identified as three stages, the early epidemic period (January 2020), the middle epidemic period (February–April 2020), and the later epidemic period (May 2020). The impact of human activities on AND was investigated in January to May in 2019 and 2020.
- (2)
- The Danjiangkou reservoir is the source of the middle route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. The water quality of the Danjiangkou reservoir is directly related to the water safety of more than 20 large cities, such as Beijing and Tianjin. The AND has become a risk to the reservoir water quality.
- (3)
- The lockdown activity resulted in a decrease of DTN, DON and Urea-N from the atmosphere in February to April 2020, decreasing by 9.6%, 30.4%, and 28.97%, respectively, compared to 2019. During the middle lockdown period, the DON decreased from 0.84 kg · hm−2·month−1 to 0.80 kg · hm−2 · month−1, and the Urea-N decreased from 0.17 kg·hm−2 · month−1 to 0.15 kg · hm−2 · month−1.
- (4)
- The nitrogen deposition flux in this region is at a medium level in China, but it is much higher than that in remote areas with less human interference, indicating that the nitrogen deposition is greatly affected by human activities.
- (5)
- The decrease can be explained by traffic stopping and fertilization being delayed, with the peak values of detected data between positions occurring in urban area and farmland. Necessary fertilization activities shall be carried out according to the growth cycle of crops, especially the addition of nitrogen-containing fertilizer, which has a significant impact on atmospheric Urea-N deposition.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Jiao, H.; Wu, Y.; Wang, H.; Chen, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, B.; Liu, J. Micro-scale mechanism of sealed water seepage and thickening from tailings bed in rake shearing thickener. Miner. Eng. 2021, 173, 107043. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiao, H.; Chen, W.; Wu, A.; Yu, Y.; Ruan, Z.; Honaker, R.; Chen, X.; Yu, J. Flocculated unclassified tailings settling efficiency improvement by particle collision optimization in the feedwell. Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 2022, 44, 553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, F.; Xu, B.; Jiao, H.; Chen, X.; Shi, Y.; Wang, J.; Li, Z. Triaxial mechanical properties and microstructure visualization of BFRC. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 278, 122275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, Y.; Chen, X.; Shi, W. Impacts of social and economic factors on the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. J. Popul. Econ. 2020, 33, 1127–1172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bauwens, M.; Compernolle, S.; Stavrakou, T.; Müller, J.-F.; Van Gent, J.; Eskes, H.; Levelt, P.F.; Van Der, A.R.; Veefkind, J.P.; Vlietinck, J.; et al. Impact of Coronavirus Outbreak on NO2 Pollution Assessed Using TROPOMI and OMI Observations. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2020, 47, e2020GL087978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, G.; Pan, Y.; Tanaka, T. The short-term impacts of COVID-19 lockdown on urban air pollution in China. Nat. Sustain. 2020, 3, 1005–1011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, K.; Wang, M.; Huang, C.; Kinney, P.L.; Anastas, P.T. Air pollution reduction and mortality benefit during the COVID-19 outbreak in China. Lancet Planet. Health 2020, 4, e210–e212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qian, Y.; Cao, H.; Huang, S. Decoupling and decomposition analysis of industrial sulfur dioxide emissions from the industrial economy in 30 Chinese provinces. J. Environ. Manag. 2020, 260, 110142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, Y.; Zhao, T.; Jiao, H.; Wang, Y.; Li, H. Potential Effect of Porosity Evolution of Cemented Paste Backfill on Selective Solidification of Heavy Metal Ions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- He, M.Z.; Kinney, P.L.; Li, T.; Chen, C.; Sun, Q.; Ban, J.; Wang, J.; Liu, S.; Goldsmith, J.; Kioumourtzoglou, M.-A. Short- and intermediate-term exposure to NO2 and mortality: A multi-county analysis in China. Environ. Pollut. 2020, 261, 114165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elliott, E.M.; Yu, Z.; Cole, A.S.; Coughlin, J.G. Isotopic advances in understanding reactive nitrogen deposition and atmospheric processing. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 662, 393–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Souza, P.A.; Ponette-González, A.G.; de Mello, W.Z.; Weathers, K.C.; Santos, I.A. Atmospheric organic and inorganic nitrogen inputs to coastal urban and montane Atlantic Forest sites in southeastern Brazil. Atmospheric Res. 2015, 160, 126–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, G.H.; Zhou, B.H.; Cheng, C.L.; Cao, J.J.; Li, J.J.; Meng, J.J.; Tao, J.; Zhang, R.J.; Fu, P.Q. Impact of Gobi desert dust on aerosol chemistry of Xi’an, inland China during spring 2009: Differences in composition and size distribution between the urban ground surface and the mountain atmosphere. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 819–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, Y.; Liu, D.; Xiao, W.; Zhou, P.; Tian, C.; Zhang, C.; Du, J.; Guo, H.; Wang, B. Coastal eutrophication in China: Trend, sources, and ecological effects. Harmful Algae 2021, 107, 102058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, J.-J.; Dong, F.; Huang, A.-P.; Lian, Q.-Y.; Peng, W.-Q. The Migration and Transformation of Nitrogen in the Danjiangkou Reservoir and Upper Stream: A Review. Water 2021, 13, 2749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qu, J.; Jia, C.; Liu, Q.; Li, Z.; Liu, P.; Yang, M.; Zhao, M.; Li, W.; Zhu, H.; Zhang, Q. Dynamics of Bacterial Community Diversity and Structure in the Terminal Reservoir of the South-To-North Water Diversion Project in China. Water 2018, 10, 709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ma, F.; Li, C.; Wang, X.; Yang, Z.; Sun, C.; Liang, P. A Bayesian method for comprehensive water quality evaluation of the Danjiangkou Reservoir water source area, for the middle route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project in China. Front. Earth Sci. 2013, 8, 242–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Shi, G.; Tian, M.; Chen, Y.; Qiao, B.; Zhang, L.; Yang, F.; Zhang, L.; Luo, Q. Wet deposition and sources of inorganic nitrogen in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 233, 520–528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, C.-H.; Guo, H.-R.; Huang, H.; Ma, T.-Y.; Song, W.; Chen, C.-J.; Liu, X.-Y. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition and its responses to anthropogenic emissions in a global hotspot region. Atmos. Res. 2020, 248, 105137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fighting COVID-19 China in Action. The State Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China. 2020. Available online: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2020-06/07/content_5517737.htm (accessed on 24 January 2022).
- Silver, B.; He, X.; Arnold, S.R.; Spracklen, D.V. The impact of COVID-19 control measures on air quality in China. Environ. Res. Lett. 2020, 15, 084021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chu, B.; Zhang, S.; Liu, J.; Ma, Q.; He, H. Significant concurrent decrease in PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations in China during COVID-19 epidemic. J. Environ. Sci. 2020, 99, 346–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cole, M.A.; Elliott, R.J.R.; Liu, B. The Impact of the Wuhan COVID-19 Lockdown on Air Pollution and Health: A Machine Learning and Augmented Synthetic Control Approach. Environ. Resour. Econ. 2020, 76, 553–580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, G.; Sun, K. Non-negligible impacts of clean air regulations on the reduction of tropospheric NO2 over East China during the COVID-19 pandemic observed by OMI and TROPOMI. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 745, 141023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Irtesam, M.; Ubydul, H.; Zhang, W.; Zafar, S.; Wang, Y.; He, J.; Sun, H.; Lubinda, J.; Rahman, M.S. COVID-19 in China: Risk Factors and R0 Revisited. Acta Trop. 2020, 213, 105731. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bureau for Environmental Protection. The Water Quality-Determination of Nitrate Nitrogen- Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry; China Standards Press: Beijing, China, 2007.
- Ministry of Environmental Protection. Codes for Water Pollutants; China Environmental Science Press: Beijing, China, 2009.
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Dalian. The Water Quality-Determination of Total NitrogenAlkaline Potassium Persulfate Digestion UV Spectrophotometry; China Environmental Science Press: Beijing, China, 2012.
- Ghahremanloo, M.; Lops, Y.; Choi, Y.; Mousavinezhad, S. Impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on air pollution levels in East Asia. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 754, 142226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.; Yang, F.; Shi, G.; Tian, M.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, L.; Fu, C. Ambient concentration and dry deposition of major inorganic nitrogen species at two urban sites in Sichuan Basin, China. Environ. Pollut. 2016, 219, 235–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, Y.; Zhang, L.; Chen, Y.; Liu, X.; Xu, W.; Pan, Y.; Duan, L. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition to China: A model analysis on nitrogen budget and critical load exceedance. Atmos. Environ. 2017, 153, 32–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, C.; Huang, X.; Chen, H.; Godfray, H.C.J.; Wright, J.S.; Hall, J.W.; Gong, P.; Ni, S.Q.; Qiao, S.C.; Huang, G.R.; et al. Managing nitrogen to restore water quality in China. Nature. Nature 2019, 567, 516–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fenn, M.; Ross, C.; Schilling, S.L.; Baccus, W.D.; Larrabee, M.A.; Lofgren, R.A. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur and preferen-tial canopy consumption of nitrate in forests of the Pacific Northwest, USA. For. Ecol. Manag. 2013, 302, 240–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donna, B.; David, S.; Tan, J.; Fu, J.S.; Dentener, F.; Du, E.; DeVries, W. Spatial variation of modelled total, dry and wet nitrogen deposition to forests at global scale. Environ. Pollut. 2018, 243, 1287–1301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Manual on Methodologies and Criteria for Modelling and Mapping Critical Loads and Levels and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). 2004. Available online: https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/en/manual-for-modelling-mapping-critical-loads-levels?parent=68093 (accessed on 2 January 2022).
- Zhao, W.; Zhao, Y.; Ma, M.; Chang, M.; Duan, L. Long-term variability in base cation, sulfur and nitrogen deposition and critical load exceedance of terrestrial ecosystems in China. Environ. Pollut. 2021, 289, 117974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Q.; Li, Y.; Wang, M.; Wang, K.; Meng, F.; Liu, L.; Zhao, Y.; Ma, L.; Zhu, Q.; Xu, W.; et al. Atmospheric nitrogen deposition: A review of quantification methods and its spatial pattern derived from the global monitoring networks. Ecotox. Environ. Saf. 2021, 216, 112180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- He, C.; Wang, X.; Liu, X.; Fangmeier, A.; Christie, P.; Zhang, F. Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nutrient inputs to intensively managed agricultural ecosystems. Ecol. Appl. 2010, 20, 80–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sickman, J.; James, A.; Fenn, M.E.; Bytnerowicz, A.; Lucero, D.M.; Homyak, P.M. Quantifying atmospheric N deposition in dryland eco-systems: A test of the Integrated Total Nitrogen Input (ITNI) method. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 646, 1253–1264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xu, W.; Zhang, L.; Liu, X. A database of atmospheric nitrogen concentration and deposition from the nationwide monitoring network in China. Sci. Data 2019, 6, 51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Xiao, H.; Tang, C.; Xiao, H.; Liu, Y.; Liu, C.Q. Mosses indicating atmospheric nitrogen deposition and sources in the Yangtze River drainage basin, China. J. Geophys. Res. 2010, 115, D14301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Berman, J.; Ebisu, K. Changes in U.S. air pollution during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 739, 139864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Yang, Y.; Zhao, T.; Jiao, H.; Wu, L.; Xiao, C.; Guo, X.; Jin, C. Atmospheric Organic Nitrogen Deposition in Strategic Water Sources of China after COVID-19 Lockdown. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052734
Yang Y, Zhao T, Jiao H, Wu L, Xiao C, Guo X, Jin C. Atmospheric Organic Nitrogen Deposition in Strategic Water Sources of China after COVID-19 Lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052734
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yixuan, Tongqian Zhao, Huazhe Jiao, Li Wu, Chunyan Xiao, Xiaoming Guo, and Chao Jin. 2022. "Atmospheric Organic Nitrogen Deposition in Strategic Water Sources of China after COVID-19 Lockdown" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052734