Evaluation of Sociodemographic Factors and Prevalence of Oral Lesions in People Living with HIV from Cacoal, Rondônia, Amazon Region of Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Area Knowledge
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Clinical Parameters
2.4. Collection of Samples and Personal Data
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample
3.2. Social, Behavioral and Health Characteristics of PLWH
3.3. Oral Manifestations Prevalence
3.4. Quantification of LTCD4+ and HIV-1 Plasmatic Viral Load
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | HIV | |
---|---|---|
n | % | |
Age (Years) | ||
4–20 | 4 | 3.5 |
20–36 | 36 | 31.9 |
36–52 | 53 | 46.9 |
52–68 | 16 | 14.2 |
68–84 | 4 | 3.5 |
Gender | ||
Male | 54 | 47.8 |
Female | 59 | 52.2 |
Colour/race (self-identified) | ||
White | 52 | 46 |
Black | 52 | 46 |
Pardo (mixed race) | 8 | 7.1 |
Indigenous | 1 | 0.9 |
Marital status * | ||
Single | 37 | 32.7 |
Married | 52 | 46 |
Separated | 10 | 8.8 |
Widowed | 6 | 5.3 |
Not informed | 8 | 7.1 |
Monthly income (Brazilian minimum wage) * | ||
Up to one wage | 14 | 12.4 |
1–3 wages | 66 | 58.4 |
4–6 wages | 15 | 13.3 |
7–11 wages | 3 | 2.6 |
Not informed | 15 | 13.3 |
Sexual orientation | ||
Homosexual | 12 | 10.7 |
Heterosexual | 95 | 84.1 |
Bisexual | 3 | 2.6 |
Not informed | 3 | 2.6 |
Source | ||
Capital city | 96 | 85 |
Countryside | 17 | 15 |
Length of education * | ||
No formal education (including illiterates) | 43 | 38 |
Up to elementary school | 27 | 23.9 |
Up to high school | 29 | 25.7 |
College graduation | 8 | 7.1 |
Not informed | 6 | 5.3 |
Condom use ** | ||
Rarely | 7 | 6.2 |
Never | 18 | 15.9 |
Sometimes | 52 | 46 |
Always | 36 | 31.9 |
Number of sexual partners ** | ||
0–1 | 56 | 49.6 |
2–5 | 46 | 40.7 |
Up to 5 | 11 | 9.7 |
STI History | ||
Yes | 38 | 33.7 |
No | 75 | 66.3 |
Illicit drug use ** | ||
Yes | 59 | 52.3 |
No | 54 | 47.7 |
Alcohol use ** | ||
Yes | 38 | 33.7 |
No | 75 | 66.3 |
Tobacco use ** | ||
Yes | 50 | 44.2 |
No | 63 | 55.7 |
ART use * | ||
Yes | 90 | 79.6 |
No | 23 | 20.4 |
Tattoos | ||
Yes | 24 | 21.2 |
No | 89 | 78.8 |
Parameters | Oral Lesion Types (n/%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fungal Infections | Viral Infections | Idiopathic Conditions | Bacterial Infections | Salivary Gland Diseases | Neoplasms | |
Anatomic region | ||||||
Maxilla | - | 2 (12.5%) ‡ | - | 1 (50%) ¶ | - | - |
Mandible | - | 3 (18.75%) ‡ | - | 1 (50%) # | - | - |
Tongue | 4 (57.1%) * | 4 (25%) † | 1 (14.3%) ** | - | - | - |
Lips and buccal mucosa | 3 (42.9%) * | 5 (31.25%) ¥ | 6 (85.7%) ** | - | - | - |
Oropharynx | - | 2 (12.5%) † | - | - | - | - |
Salivary glands | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Parameters | Oral Manifestations | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | No | p | ||||
n | % | n | % | |||
Gender | ||||||
Female | 13 | 40.6 | 46 | 56.8 | 0.122 | |
Male | 19 | 59.4 | 35 | 43.2 | ||
Total | 32 | 100.0 | 81 | 100.0 | ||
Age | ||||||
4–20 | 3 | 9.4 | 1 | 1.2 | 0.024 | |
20–36 | 6 | 18.8 | 35 | 43.2 | ||
36–52 | 16 | 50.0 | 32 | 39.5 | ||
52–68 | 7 | 21.9 | 10 | 12.3 | ||
68–84 | 0 | 0.0 | 3 | 3.7 | ||
Total | 32 | 100.0 | 81 | 100.0 | ||
Sexual orientation | ||||||
Homosexual | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3.7 | 0.298 | |
Heterosexual | 25 | 78.1 | 70 | 86.4 | ||
Bisexual | 5 | 15.6 | 7 | 8.6 | ||
Not informed | 2 | 6.3 | 1 | 1.2 | ||
Total | 32 | 100.0 | 81 | 100.0 | ||
Condom use | ||||||
Rarely | 4 | 12.5 | 3 | 3.7 | 0.347 | |
Never | 4 | 12.5 | 14 | 17.3 | ||
Sometimes | 17 | 53.1 | 35 | 43.2 | ||
Always | 7 | 21.9 | 29 | 35.8 | ||
Total | 32 | 100.0 | 81 | 100.0 | ||
Number of sexual partners | ||||||
0–1 | 16 | 50 | 40 | 49.4 | 0.853 | |
2–5 | 13 | 40.6 | 33 | 40.7 | ||
Up to 5 | 3 | 9.4 | 8 | 9.9 | ||
Total | 32 | 100.0 | 81 | 100.0 |
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da Rocha, G.d.C.T.; Fonseca, R.R.d.S.; Oliveira-Filho, A.B.; Ribeiro, A.L.R.; de Menezes, S.A.F.; Laurentino, R.V.; Machado, L.F.A. Evaluation of Sociodemographic Factors and Prevalence of Oral Lesions in People Living with HIV from Cacoal, Rondônia, Amazon Region of Brazil. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052614
da Rocha GdCT, Fonseca RRdS, Oliveira-Filho AB, Ribeiro ALR, de Menezes SAF, Laurentino RV, Machado LFA. Evaluation of Sociodemographic Factors and Prevalence of Oral Lesions in People Living with HIV from Cacoal, Rondônia, Amazon Region of Brazil. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052614
Chicago/Turabian Styleda Rocha, Graziela de Carvalho Tavares, Ricardo Roberto de Souza Fonseca, Aldemir Branco Oliveira-Filho, Andre Luis Ribeiro Ribeiro, Silvio Augusto Fernandes de Menezes, Rogério Valois Laurentino, and Luiz Fernando Almeida Machado. 2022. "Evaluation of Sociodemographic Factors and Prevalence of Oral Lesions in People Living with HIV from Cacoal, Rondônia, Amazon Region of Brazil" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2614. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052614