Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health during Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Intimate Partner Violence
1.2. Intolerance of Uncertainty
1.3. Our Study
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Data Collection Procedure
2.3. Materials and Measures
2.3.1. Sociodemographic Data and Lockdown Conditions
2.3.2. Mental Health-Related Variables
2.3.3. Intimate Partner Related-Variables
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Correlations
3.2. Group Comparisons
3.3. Mediation Models
3.4. Moderated Mediation Models
4. Discussion
5. Strength and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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% | n | ||
---|---|---|---|
Country | Belgium Another French-speaking country | 82.6 17.4 | 1265 266 |
Education | Higher Education Others | 80.1 19.9 | 1225 306 |
Relationship | Heterosexual Same-sex | 96.2 3.8 | 1473 58 |
Duration of the relationship | Less than 6 months Between 6 months and 2 years Between 2 and 10 years Between 10 and 20 years More than 20 years | 2.1 11.1 35.6 25.5 25.7 | 32 170 545 391 394 |
Children | Yes, and living with them Yes, but not living with them No | 46.7 11.3 42 | 715 173 643 |
Work | Working from home Taking time off or out of work Working at their workplace Students | 46.4 25.1 14.9 13.6 | 711 384 229 208 |
Lost of financial income | Yes No | 23.8 76.2 | 364 1167 |
Infection to coronavirus (themselves) | No Yes maybe, but not tested Yes, tested positive | 86.9 12.5 0.6 | 1331 191 10 |
Infection to coronavirus (one person close to them) | No Yes maybe, but not tested Yes, tested positive | 69.1 19.6 11.3 | 1059 300 173 |
Consultation with a psychologist during the lockdown | Yes No | 6.3 93.7 | 96 1435 |
Total (n = 1532) | Women (n = 1238) | Men (n = 294) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical assault | % | N | % | N | % | N |
Victim—Sprain, bruise or small cut (M) | 6.8 | 104 | 6.5 | 81 | 7.8 | 23 |
Perpetrator—Sprain, bruise or small cut (M) | 5.8 | 88 | 4.9 | 62 | 8.9 | 26 |
Perpetrator—To push, shove or slap (M) | 1.8 | 28 | 1.9 | 24 | 1.4 | 4 |
Victim—Pushed, shoved or slapped (M) | 2.3 | 35 | 1.9 | 24 | 3.8 | 11 |
Perpetrator—To punch, kick or beat-up (S) | 0.3 | 5 | 0.2 | 3 | 0.7 | 2 |
Victim—Punched, kicked or beat-up (S) | 0.5 | 8 | 0.2 | 4 | 1.4 | 4 |
Victim—To need to see a doctor (S) | 0.4 | 6 | 0.3 | 4 | 0.7 | 2 |
Perpetrator—To send to see a doctor (S) | 0.5 | 8 | 0.3 | 4 | 1.4 | 4 |
Psychological aggression | ||||||
Perpetrator—To insult or swore or shout or yell (M) | 30 | 460 | 31.8 | 394 | 22.5 | 66 |
Victim—Insulted, swore or shouted or yelled (M) | 27.5 | 421 | 28 | 347 | 25.3 | 74 |
Perpetrator—To destroyed something (S) | 0.9 | 14 | 0.9 | 12 | 0.7 | 2 |
Victim—Have something destroyed (S) | 1.1 | 17 | 1.0 | 13 | 1.4 | 4 |
1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. | 9. | 10. | 11. | M | SD | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Prox. | 1 | 0.93 | 1.68 | ||||||||||
2. Envi. | −0.02 | 1 | 5.57 | 1.77 | |||||||||
3. Home | −0.03 | −0.01 | 1 | 1.10 | 0.62 | ||||||||
4. Cont. | 0.10 ** | 0.07 ** | −0.05 * | 1 | 16.49 | 3.76 | |||||||
5. Couple | −0.06 * | 0.37 ** | 0.08 ** | −0.04 | 1 | 3.62 | 1.04 | ||||||
6. Agress. | 0.04 | −0.07 ** | 0.01 | 0.06 * | −0.07 ** | 1 | 2.76 | 1.25 | |||||
7. Anx. | 0.04 | −0.10 ** | −0.03 | 0.10 ** | −0.16 ** | 0.35 ** | 1 | 6.75 | 3.85 | ||||
8. Dep. | 0.02 | −0.13 ** | 0.10 ** | −0.07 ** | −0.06 * | 0.30 ** | 0.52 ** | 1 | 7.42 | 3.54 | |||
9. Uncert. | −0.01 | −0.14 ** | 0.04 | 0.03 | −0.15 ** | 0.49 ** | 0.50 ** | 0.40 ** | 1 | 6.62 | 1.97 | ||
10. Phys. | 0.03 | −0.05 * | 0.03 | 0.01 | −0.08 ** | 0.20 ** | 0.14 ** | 0.16 ** | 0.15 ** | 1 | 8.25 | 1.05 | |
11. Psycho. | 0.06 * | −0.09 ** | 0.03 | 0.04 | −0.11 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.20 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.16 ** | 0.31 ** | 1 | 4.83 | 1.44 |
Total (n = 1532) | Women (n = 1238) | Men (n = 294) | X2 (dl = 1) | p | Phi | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | N | % | N | % | N | ||||
Physical assault | 9.2 | 140 | 8.4 | 104 | 12.3 | 36 | 4.27 | 0.03 | 0.05 |
Psychological aggression | 33.8 | 517 | 35.2 | 435 | 28.0 | 82 | 5.49 | 0.01 | −0.06 |
Increased violence | 3.6 | 55 | 2.8 | 35 | 6.8 | 20 | 19.38 | 0.001 | 0.11 |
M | SD | M | SD | M | SD | U | p | ||
Anxiety | 6.75 | 3.85 | 6.98 | 3.85 | 5.73 | 3.59 | 146,202 | <0.001 | |
Depression | 7.42 | 3.54 | 7.49 | 3.58 | 7.10 | 3.31 | 168,932 | 0.05 | |
Uncertainty | 6.62 | 1.97 | 6.82 | 1.88 | 5.75 | 2.11 | 129,355 | <0.001 |
Variables | Effect | (Boot) SE | t | p | (Boot) LLCI | (Boot) ULCI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | DV = Physical Assault | ||||||
y = Physical Assault x = Uncertainty | Total effect of x on y | 0.06 | 0.01 | 4.94 | <0.001 | 0.0403 | 0.0933 |
Direct effect of x on y | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.50 | 0.61 | −0.0227 | 0.0384 | |
m = All mediators | Indirect effect of x on y | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.0298 | 0.0958 | ||
m1 = Anxiety | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.0099 | 0.0629 | |||
m2 = Depression | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.0104 | 0.0414 | |||
Model 2 | DV = Psychological Aggression | ||||||
y = Psychol Violence x = Uncertainty | Total effect of x on y | 0.12 | 0.01 | 6.45 | <0.001 | 0.0827 | 0.1548 |
Direct effect of x on y | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.87 | 0.38 | −0.0228 | 0.0596 | |
m = All mediators | Indirect effect of x on y | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.0718 | 0.1312 | ||
m1 = Anxiety | 0.05 | 0.01 | 0.0308 | 0.0891 | |||
m2 = Depression | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.0226 | 0.0602 |
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Glowacz, F.; Dziewa, A.; Schmits, E. Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health during Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052535
Glowacz F, Dziewa A, Schmits E. Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health during Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(5):2535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052535
Chicago/Turabian StyleGlowacz, Fabienne, Amandine Dziewa, and Emilie Schmits. 2022. "Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health during Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 5: 2535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052535
APA StyleGlowacz, F., Dziewa, A., & Schmits, E. (2022). Intimate Partner Violence and Mental Health during Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 2535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052535