How Socio-Economic Drivers Explain Landscape Soil Erosion Regulation Services in Polish Catchments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Description
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Modeling
2.3.2. Inter-Model Comparison
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Results of Modeling
3.2. Results of the Goodness of Fit of the Models
3.3. Results of the Inter-Model Comparison
3.4. Results of the Model Sensitivity Analysis
3.5. Behavioral Comparison of Soil Erosion in Relation to Socio-Economic Variables
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Data Layers (Pfafstetter Level) | No. of Catchment | Mean | Min. | Max. | Sd. | Variance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 | 1 | 696,040 | - | - | - | - |
4 | 5 | 71,664 | 427 | 193,306 | 73,407 | 5,388,614,924 |
5 | 21 | 17,063 | 102 | 84,920 | 20,527 | 421,348,626 |
6 | 42 | 7937 | 21 | 33,314 | 8222 | 67,601,246 |
7 | 140 | 2358 | 18 | 14,168 | 2276 | 5,182,054 |
8 | 443 | 700 | 0 | 3687 | 640 | 410,207 |
9 | 1268 | 246 | 0 | 1452 | 197 | 38,965 |
10 | 2240 | 139 | 0 | 665 | 75 | 5559 |
11 | 2429 | 129 | 0 | 325 | 129 | 16,528 |
12 | 2430 | 129 | 0 | 325 | 59 | 3434 |
The study catchments | 402 | 662 | 0.23 | 2758 | 615 | 378,305 |
Model No. | Model Variable | Coefficients | Collinearity Statistics | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Std. Error | Beta | r2 | t | p-Value | Tolerance | VIF | ||
2 | Constant | 2410.252 | 531.197 | 0.64 | 4.537 | 0.000 | |||
SOC | −8.366 | 0.792 | −0.587 | −10.562 | 0.000 | 0.421 | 2.374 | ||
Slp | 10.741 | 1.085 | 0.374 | 9.904 | 0.000 | 0.914 | 1.094 | ||
CR | −19.547 | 4.271 | −0.232 | −4.577 | 0.000 | 0.504 | 1.983 | ||
Stg | −0.461 | 0.113 | −0.178 | −4.064 | 0.000 | 0.675 | 1.482 | ||
GDP | −0.538 | 0.160 | −0.124 | −3.357 | 0.001 | 0.952 | 1.051 | ||
HDI | −2039.122 | 618.735 | −0.122 | −3.296 | 0.001 | 0.949 | 1.054 | ||
3 * | Constant | 11.814 | 1.581 | 0.791 | 7.474 | 0.000 | |||
SOC | −0.035 | 0.002 | −0.634 | −17.966 | 0.000 | 0.605 | 1.654 | ||
CR | −0.108 | 0.012 | −0.330 | −9.238 | 0.000 | 0.592 | 1.690 | ||
Slp | 0.019 | 0.003 | 0.172 | 6.079 | 0.000 | 0.941 | 1.063 | ||
PoD | −0.001 | 0.000 | −0.115 | −4.006 | 0.000 | 0.917 | 1.090 | ||
HDI | −5.138 | 1.844 | −0.079 | −2.787 | 0.006 | 0.940 | 1.064 | ||
4 | Constant | 11.981 | 0.430 | 0.783 | 27.895 | 0.000 | |||
SOC | −1.662 | 0.107 | −0.631 | −15.583 | 0.000 | 0.480 | 2.083 | ||
CR | −0.915 | 0.111 | −0.335 | −8.243 | 0.000 | 0.476 | 2.099 | ||
Stg | 0.290 | 0.043 | 0.192 | 6.795 | 0.000 | 0.984 | 1.017 | ||
HDI | −5.485 | 1.563 | −0.101 | −3.509 | 0.001 | 0.949 | 1.054 | ||
GDP | −0.133 | 0.044 | −0.090 | −3.034 | 0.003 | 0.895 | 1.118 | ||
5 | Constant | 1828.741 | 129.764 | 0.707 | 14.093 | 0.000 | |||
SOC | −388.269 | 32.972 | −0.559 | −11.776 | 0.000 | 0.472 | 2.119 | ||
Slp | 127.096 | 13.443 | 0.319 | 9.455 | 0.000 | 0.937 | 1.067 | ||
CR | −237.037 | 34.177 | −0.329 | −6.936 | 0.000 | 0.472 | 2.119 | ||
GDP | −50.363 | 13.327 | −0.130 | −3.779 | 0.000 | 0.904 | 1.106 | ||
HDI | −1413.787 | 486.447 | −0.099 | −2.906 | 0.004 | 0.920 | 1.087 |
Model No. | RSS | n | Log (RSS/n) | K | 2 K | K + 1 | n − K − 1 | AIC | Δj | EXP (−0.5 × Δj) | Wi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 15,254,988.25 | 284 | 4.73 | 7 | 14 | 8 | 276 | 1357.35 | 6.99 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
3 * | 14,650,604.57 | 284 | 4.71 | 6 | 12 | 7 | 277 | 1350.36 | 0 | 1 | 0.97 |
4 | 17,185,967.99 | 284 | 4.78 | 6 | 12 | 7 | 277 | 1370.05 | 19.69 | 5.3106 × 10−5 | 0.00 |
5 | 16,171,040.85 | 284 | 4.76 | 6 | 12 | 7 | 277 | 1362.54 | 12.18 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Variable Name | Formula | Rank |
---|---|---|
Soil organic carbon content | Y = 4.1 – 1.09x | 1 |
Clay ratio | Y = 4.81 – 0.49x | 3 |
Terrain slope | Y = 5.53 + 0.32x | 4 |
Human Development Index | Y = 5.15 – 0.08x | 5 |
Population density | Y = 4.43 – 0.5x | 2 |
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Istanbuly, M.N.; Krása, J.; Jabbarian Amiri, B. How Socio-Economic Drivers Explain Landscape Soil Erosion Regulation Services in Polish Catchments. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042372
Istanbuly MN, Krása J, Jabbarian Amiri B. How Socio-Economic Drivers Explain Landscape Soil Erosion Regulation Services in Polish Catchments. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042372
Chicago/Turabian StyleIstanbuly, Mustafa Nur, Josef Krása, and Bahman Jabbarian Amiri. 2022. "How Socio-Economic Drivers Explain Landscape Soil Erosion Regulation Services in Polish Catchments" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 2372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042372