Association between the Physical Activity Behavioral Profile and Sedentary Time with Subjective Well-Being and Mental Health in Chilean University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Procedure and Instruments
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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TOTAL N (%) | Experienced Well-Being M (SD) | Positive Affective Experience M (SD) | Negative Affective Experience M (SD) | General Mental Health M (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic variables | |||||
Gender | |||||
Women Men | 252 (66.0%) 130 (34.0%) | 5.81 (1.72) 5.92 (1.67) | 3.27 (1.29) 3.47 (1.31) | 2.46 (1.46) 2.55 (1.59) | 17.77 (5.85) 15.75 (6.67) ** |
Age | |||||
18–20 years 21–22 years 23–29 years | 133 (34.8%) 117 (30.6%) 132 (34.6%) | 6.06 (1.79) 5.59 (1.53) 5.86 (1.74) | 3.44 (1.27) 3.34 (1.29) 3.23 (1.33) | 2.38 (1.61) 2.75 (1.45) 2.37 (1.41) | 16.59 (6.08) 17.84 (6.15) 16.91 (6.35) |
Public health measures and COVID variables | |||||
Quarantine status per city | |||||
Total quarantine Weekend quarantine No quarantine | 103 (27.0%) 235 (61.5%) 44 (11.5%) | 5.92 (1.60) 5.87 (1.76) 5.55 (1.64) | 3.59 (1.18) 3.23 (1.34) 3.30 (1.25) | 2.67 (1.55) 2.37 (1.48) 2.75 (1.48) | 17.20 (6.15) 16.89 (6.38) 17.82 (5.44) |
Vaccination process status | |||||
Non-vaccinated One-dose vaccinated Two-dose vaccinated | 126 (33.0%) 113 (29.6%) 143 (37.4%) | 5.64 (1.71) 5.80 (1.44) 6.06 (1.86) | 3.33 (1.40) 3.37 (1.27) 3.32 (1.24) | 2.68 (1.57) 2.58 (1.51) 2.26 (1.42) | 17.56 (6.02) 17.54 (6.28) 16.31 (6.27) |
Infected by COVID-19 | |||||
Non-infected infected | 336 (88.0%) 46 (12.0%) | 5.86 (1.70) 5.76 (1.78) | 3.30 (1.30) 3.59 (1.24) | 2.45 (1.50) 2.83 (1.54) | 17.23 (6.31) 16.02 (5.30) |
Symptoms of COVID-19 | |||||
Asymptomatic Mild symptoms | 9 (19.5%) 37 (80.5%) | 6.33 (1.32) 5.68 (1.19) | 4.44 (0.73) 3.38 (1.25) * | 3.11 (1.96) 2.70 (1.50) | 13.56 (4.40) 16.43 (5.27) |
Physical activity support variables | |||||
Use of the sport time band | |||||
Never used Sometimes used | 267 (69.9%) 115 (30.1%) | 5.76 (1.81) 6.05 (1.41) | 3.13 (1.31) 3.82 (1.14) *** | 2.37 (1.48) 2.77 (1.54) | 17.59 (6.25) 15.90 (5.97) * |
Type of home | |||||
House Apartment Countryside house | 315 (82.5%) 33 (8.6%) 34 (8.9%) | 5.87 (1.71) 5.94 (1.73) 5.50 (1.62) | 3.34 (1.31) 3.12 (1.14) 3.53 (1.37) | 2.47 (1.52) 2.18 (1.46) 3.03 (1.24) | 17.08 (6.26) 17.33 (6.72) 16.88 (5.27) |
Green areas access | |||||
No green areas access green areas access | 45 (11.8%) 337 (88.2%) | 5.00 (1.70) 5.96 (1.67) *** | 2.82 (1.57) 3.41 (1.25) *** | 2.82 (1.46) 2.45 (1.50) | 20.11 (6.36) 16.68 (6.08) *** |
Family income in Chilean pesos (CLP) | |||||
<296,000 296,000–607,000 608,000–1,572,999 >1,573,000 | 56 (14.7%) 145 (38.0%) 124 (32.4%) 57 (14.9%) | 5.59 (1.74) 5.83 (1.74) 5.81 (1.72) 6.19 (1.53) | 3.09 (1.35) 3.41 (1.32) 3.34 (1.24) 3.40 (1.32) | 2.50 (1.39) 2.57 (1.49) 2.52 (1.50) 2.21(1.68) | 18.16 (5.96) 17.32 (5.88) 16.90 (6.65) 15.81 (6.17) |
Educational variables | |||||
Study programs | |||||
Education | 61 (16.0%) | 6.11 (1.67) | 3.84 (1.16) | 2.72 (1.63) | 17.00 (6.67) |
Engineering/Management | 66 (17.3%) | 5.53 (1.68) | 3.35 (1.37) | 2.82 (1.56) | 16.92 (6.16) |
Health area | 177 (46.3%) | 5.98 (1.79) | 3.34 (1.29) | 2.36 (1.48) | 17.08 (6.17) |
Social Sc./Humanities | 78 (20.4%) | 5.59 (1.63) | 2.94 (1.24) ** | 2.35 (1.35) | 17.29 (6.06) |
Study years | |||||
1 2 3 4 5 to 7 | 57 (14.9%) 73 (19.1%) 87 (22.8%) 78 (20.4%) 87 (22.8%) | 5.75 (1.79) 5.74 (1.60) 6.05 (1.78) 5.71 (1.59) 5.92 (1.76) | 3.26 (1.39) 3.41 (1.22) 3.34 (1.27) 3.47 (1.21) 3.20 (1.40) | 2.51 (1.71) 2.67 (1.47) 2.30 (1.55) 2.77 (1.43) 2.28 (1.37) | 17.19 (5.37) 17.53 (6.43) 17.15 (6.33) 17.35 (5.93) 16.33 (6.69) |
Study hours per day | |||||
1–3 4–5 6–8 9–12 | 111 (29.1%) 91 (23.8%) 114 (29.8%) 66 (17.3%) | 5.68 (1.69) 5.99 (1.81) 5.98 (1.59) 5.70 (1.75) | 3.18 (1.31) 3.45 (1.34) 3.35 (1.19) 3.42 (1.40) | 2.50 (1.58) 2.46 (1.56) 2.37 (1.45) 2.73 (1.39) | 17.41 (6.25) 17.15 (6.11) 16.72 (5.87) 17.08 (6.89) |
Model 0 Non-Adjusted | Model 1 Adjusted | |
---|---|---|
Variables | βi [CI 95%] | βi [CI 95%] |
Experienced well-being | ||
PA-NS | 1.14 [0.65; 1.62] *** | 1.08 [4.48; 5.73] *** |
PA-S | 0.88 [0.46; 1.29] *** | 0.86 [0.44; 1.28] *** |
PI-NS | 0.87 [0.18; 1.55] * | 0.73 [0.05; 1.42] * |
PI-S | Reference | Reference |
Positive affective experience | ||
PA-NS | 1.08 [0.72; 1.45] *** | 0.84 [0.47; 1.20] *** |
PA-S | 0.75 [0.44; 1.06] *** | 0.64 [0.33; 0.95] *** |
PI-NS | 0.63 [0.12; 1.15] * | 0.52 [0.02; 1.02] * |
PI-S | Reference | Reference |
Negative affective experience | ||
PA-NS | −0.054 [−0.50; 0,39] | −0.23 [−0.70; 0.22] |
PA-S | −0.124 [−0.50; 0.25] | −0.22 [−0.61; 0.16] |
PI-NS | −0.232 [−0.86; 0.40] | −0.21 [−0.84; 0.41] |
PI-S | Reference | Reference |
General mental health | ||
PA-NS | −3.67 [−5.46; −1.88] *** | −2.84 [−4.7; −0.98] ** |
PA-S | −2.02 [−3.54; −0.50] ** | −1.41 [−2.97; 0.15] |
PI-NS | −2.36 [−4.9; 0.18] | −2.24 [−4.76; 0.28] |
PI-S | Reference | Reference |
Sleeping Problems | PA-NS n(%) | PA-S n(%) | PI-NS n(%) | PI-S n(%) | p-Value | V de Cramer |
Never | 21 (25.0) | 35 (20.3) | 6 (20.7) | 9 (9.3) | - | 0.118 |
A couple of days | 35 (41.7) | 67 (39.0) | 10 (34.5) | 32 (33.0) | ||
Several days of the week | 12 (14.3) | 23 (13,4) | 5 (17.2) | 23 (23.7) | ||
Almost every day | 16 (19.0) | 47 (27.3) | 8 (27.6) | 33 (34.0) | ||
Fatigue | PA-NS n(%) | PA-S n(%) | PI-NS n(%) | PI-S n(%) | ||
Never | 11 (13.1) | 15 (8.7) | 3 (10.3) | 3 (3.1) | *** | 0.169 |
A couple of days | 41 (48.8) | 65 (37.8) | 13 (44.8) | 20 (20.6) | ||
Several days of the week | 20 (23.8) | 48 (27.9) | 6 (20.7) | 32 (33.0) | ||
Almost every day | 12 (14.3) | 44 (25.6) | 7 (24.1) | 42 (43.3) | ||
Changes in Eating Behavior | PA-NS n(%) | PA-S n(%) | PI-NS n(%) | PI-S n(%) | ||
Never | 23 (27.4) | 33 (19.2) | 11 (37.9) | 9 (9.3) | *** | 0.188 |
A couple of days | 38 (45.2) | 52 (30.2) | 9 (31.0) | 22 (22.7) | ||
Several days of the week | 12 (14.3) | 34 (19.8) | 5 (17.2) | 22 (22.7) | ||
Almost every day | 11 (13.1) | 53 (30.8) | 4 (13.8) | 44 (45.4) | ||
Concentration Problems | PA-NS n(%) | PA-S n(%) | PI-NS n(%) | PI-S n(%) | ||
Never | 16 (19.0) | 26 (15,1) | 3 (10.3) | 8 (8.2) | ** | 0.124 |
A couple of days | 36 (42.9) | 54 (31.4) | 14 (48.3) | 33 (34.0) | ||
Several days of the week | 20 (23.8) | 45 (26.2) | 8 (27.6) | 22 (22.7) | ||
Almost every day | 12 (14.3) | 47 (27.3) | 4 (13.8) | 34 (35.1) |
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Reyes-Molina, D.; Alonso-Cabrera, J.; Nazar, G.; Parra-Rizo, M.A.; Zapata-Lamana, R.; Sanhueza-Campos, C.; Cigarroa, I. Association between the Physical Activity Behavioral Profile and Sedentary Time with Subjective Well-Being and Mental Health in Chilean University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 2107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042107
Reyes-Molina D, Alonso-Cabrera J, Nazar G, Parra-Rizo MA, Zapata-Lamana R, Sanhueza-Campos C, Cigarroa I. Association between the Physical Activity Behavioral Profile and Sedentary Time with Subjective Well-Being and Mental Health in Chilean University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(4):2107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042107
Chicago/Turabian StyleReyes-Molina, Daniel, Jesús Alonso-Cabrera, Gabriela Nazar, Maria Antonia Parra-Rizo, Rafael Zapata-Lamana, Cristian Sanhueza-Campos, and Igor Cigarroa. 2022. "Association between the Physical Activity Behavioral Profile and Sedentary Time with Subjective Well-Being and Mental Health in Chilean University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 4: 2107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042107