Lower-Limb Muscle Contractile Properties, Explosive Power and the Subjective Response of Elite Soccer Players to the COVID-19 Lockdown
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Procedures
2.3.1. Anthropometry
2.3.2. Tensiomyography Assessment
2.3.3. Lower Limb Muscle Power
2.3.4. The Lockdown Impact Characteristics Questionnaire Survey
- (a)
- Their body mass. A 5-point Likert-type scale was used, with the values interpreted as follows: 1—a decrease of more than 2 kg; 2—a decrease from 0.5 to 2 kg), 3—stayed the same, 4—an increase from 0.5 kg to 2 kg, 5—an increase of more than 2 kg;
- (b)
- And general well-being; physical fitness, technique and game tactics. Again, the 5-point Likert scale was used, with the values interpreted as follows: 1—much worse, 2—slightly worse, 3—the same, 4—better, 5—much better).
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Training Adherence and Body Mass during the COVID-19 Lockdown Period
3.2. Skeletal Muscle Contractile Properties by Tensiomyography
3.3. Lower Limb Muscle Power
3.4. Subjective Ratings of Performance Changes and Stress during COVID-19 Lockdown Period
4. Discussion
4.1. Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Lower-Limb Muscle Contractile Properties Assessed by Tensiomyography
4.2. Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Lower-Limb Muscle Power
4.3. Subjective Ratings of Performance Changes and Stress during COVID-19 Lockdown Period
5. Conclusions
6. Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Muscle | Parameter | PRE | POST | RMD | p Value (Cohen’s d) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BF | Td | 23.76 ± 2.94 | 28.42 ± 4.01 | 4.65 | <0.001 (1.58) |
Tc | 28.25 ± 8.91 | 42.42 ± 14.71 | 14.18 | <0.001 (1.59) | |
Ts | 202.7 ± 40.06 | 191.2 ± 25.42 | −11.49 | 0.078 | |
Tr | 51.29 ± 29.80 | 48.33 ± 16.81 | −2.95 | 0.641 | |
Dm | 6.57 ± 2.73 | 7.80 ± 2.44 | 1.23 | 0.036 (0.45) | |
VL | Td | 20.63 ± 1.57 | 22.86 ± 1.23 | 2.23 | <0.001 (1.42) |
Tc | 19.91 ± 2.24 | 21.02 ± 1.93 | 1.11 | 0.009 (0.50) | |
Ts | 75.16 ± 110.5 | 122.0 ± 33.95 | 46.87 | 0.032 (0.42) | |
Tr | 68.95 ± 105.0 | 74.80 ± 29.50 | 5.85 | 0.766 | |
Dm | 5.30 ± 1.43 | 6.19 ± 1.16 | 0.89 | <0.001 (0.62) | |
VM | Td | 21.21 ± 1.84 | 23.21 ± 1.68 | 2.0 | <0.001 (1.09) |
Tc | 22.92 ± 2.38 | 21.99 ± 1.99 | −0.93 | 0.012 (0.39) | |
Ts | 209.0 ± 34.11 | 197.0 ± 25.97 | −12.05 | 0.080 | |
Tr | 104.3 ± 68.82 | 54.70 ± 42.95 | −49.61 | 0.001 (0.72) | |
Dm | 7.65 ± 1.32 | 7.34 ± 1.40 | −0.31 | 0.226 |
PRE | POST | RMD | p Value (Cohen’s d) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 24.97 ± 4.92 | 25.56 ± 4.93 | 0.59 | <0.001 (0.12) |
Body height (cm) | 181.53 ± 6.46 | 181.53 ± 6.46 | 0.0 | |
Body mass (kg) | 76.19 ± 8.46 | 77.75 ± 8.13 | 1.56 | 0.003 (0.18) |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.07 ± 1.62 | 23.55 ± 1.51 | 0.48 | 0.003 (0.30) |
CMJ height (cm) | 38.27 ± 4.85 | 38.55 ± 5.83 | 0.28 | 0.599 |
SJ height (cm) | 35.40 ± 4.30 | 36.22 ± 5.21 | 0.82 | 0.380 |
EUR (%) | 8.59 ± 10.91 | 6.61 ± 5.94 | −1.97 | 0.379 |
Vertical take-off velocity (m/s) | 2.53 ± 0.74 | 2.74 ± 0.21 | 0.2 | 0.145 |
Mean power (W) | 2437.5 ± 298.1 | 2434.5 ± 269.1 | 3.0 | 0.942 |
Take off time | 0.76 ± 0.08 | 0.73 ± 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.072 |
Reactive strength index (CMJ) | 0.509 ± 0.067 | 0.537 ± 0.106 | 0.03 | 0.131 |
General Well-Being | Physical Fitness | Technique | Game Tactics | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Much worse | 3.1% | 3.1% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Slightly worse | 12.5% | 37.5% | 34.4% | 25.0% |
The same | 50.0% | 15.6% | 59.4% | 62.5% |
Better | 31.3% | 37.5% | 6.3% | 12.5% |
Much better | 3.1% | 6.3% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
Impact of COVID-19 Home Lockdown | Frequency/% |
---|---|
Extremely positive | 12.5 |
Positive | 15.6 |
Moderate positive | 15.6 |
Somewhat positive | 31.3 |
Somewhat negative | 15.6 |
Moderate negative | 9.4 |
Negative | 0.0 |
Extremely negative | 0.0 |
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Paravlic, A.H.; Simunic, B.; Pisot, S.; Kleva, M.; Teraz, K.; Vogrin, M.; Marusic, U.; Pisot, R. Lower-Limb Muscle Contractile Properties, Explosive Power and the Subjective Response of Elite Soccer Players to the COVID-19 Lockdown. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010474
Paravlic AH, Simunic B, Pisot S, Kleva M, Teraz K, Vogrin M, Marusic U, Pisot R. Lower-Limb Muscle Contractile Properties, Explosive Power and the Subjective Response of Elite Soccer Players to the COVID-19 Lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(1):474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010474
Chicago/Turabian StyleParavlic, Armin H., Bostjan Simunic, Sasa Pisot, Matej Kleva, Kaja Teraz, Matjaz Vogrin, Uros Marusic, and Rado Pisot. 2022. "Lower-Limb Muscle Contractile Properties, Explosive Power and the Subjective Response of Elite Soccer Players to the COVID-19 Lockdown" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1: 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010474
APA StyleParavlic, A. H., Simunic, B., Pisot, S., Kleva, M., Teraz, K., Vogrin, M., Marusic, U., & Pisot, R. (2022). Lower-Limb Muscle Contractile Properties, Explosive Power and the Subjective Response of Elite Soccer Players to the COVID-19 Lockdown. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(1), 474. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010474