Rural–Urban Differences in Behavioral Outcomes among Adults with Lifetime History of Traumatic Brain Injury with Loss of Consciousness: 2016–2019 Ohio BRFSS
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Study Participants
2.2. Variables and Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Unweighted n | Weighted n (%) | |
---|---|---|
Overall | 16,941 | 7,578,787 (100.0) |
Survey Year | ||
2016 | 7128 | 3,165,459 (41.8) |
2017 | 3128 | 1,409,229 (18.6) |
2018 | 3328 | 1,493,316 (19.7) |
2019 | 3357 | 1,510,783 (19.9) |
Gender | ||
Male | 6939 | 3,631,381 (47.9) |
Female | 10,002 | 3,947,407 (52.1) |
Age Group | ||
Age 18 to 44 | 3596 | 3,262,709 (43.1) |
Age 45 to 64 | 6441 | 2,613,487 (34.5) |
Age 65 or older | 6904 | 1,702,592 (22.5) |
Race | ||
White | 14,902 | 6,150,936 (81.2) |
Black | 1077 | 838,535 (11.1) |
Other 2 | 731 | 485,575 (6.4) |
Unknown | 231 | 103,741 (1.4) |
Location of Living | ||
Urban | 10,285 | 5,841,243 (77.1) |
Rural | 6656 | 1,739,800 (22.9) |
Lifetime TBI with LOC | ||
No | 14,213 | 6,296,117 (83.1) |
Yes | 2728 | 1,282,670 (16.9) |
Binge Drinking | Heavy Drinking | Diagnosis of Depressive Disorder | Poor Mental Health for 2 or More Days in the Past 30 Days | Poor Mental Health for 14 or More Days in the Past 30 Days | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Weighted n (%) | Weighted n (%) | Weighted n (%) | Weighted n (%) | Weighted n (%) |
1,282,668 (16.9) | 496,670 (6.6) | 1,525,094 (20.1) | 2,534,643 (33.4) | 1,077,455 (14.2) | |
Rural Respondents | |||||
Lifetime TBI with LOC | |||||
No | 198,497 (13.9) *** | 69,848 (4.9) *** | 247,732 (17.3) *** | 420,919 (29.4) *** | 169,687 (11.9) *** |
Yes | 66,170 (21.4) | 27,960 (9.1) | 104,592 (34.0) | 137,317 (44.6) | 81,238 (26.4) |
Gender | |||||
Male | 177,743(22.2) *** | 59,964 (7.5) *** | 110,466 (13.8) *** | 196,692 (24.5) *** | 92,177 (11.5) *** |
Female | 86,924 (9.3) | 37,844 (4.0) | 241,858 (25.9) | 361,545 (38.6) | 158,748 (17.0) |
Age Group | |||||
Age 18 to 44 | 152,000 (22.2) *** | 44,827 (6.5) *** | 151,525 (22.1) *** | 289,862 (42.3) *** | 120,820 (17.6) *** |
Age 45 to 64 | 91,502 (14.4) | 42,023 (6.6) | 144,421 (22.8) | 191,476 (30.2) | 97,831 (15.4) |
Age 65 or older | 21,165 (5.1) | 10,977 (2.6) | 56,378 (13.5) | 76,899 (18.4) | 32,273 (7.7) |
Race | |||||
White | 244,035 (15.3) | 88,485 (5.5) | 310,704 (19.5) * | 502,321 (31.5) | 223,966 (14.0) |
Black | 4995 (14.3) | 3090 (8.9) | 10713 (30.8) | 13515 (38.8) | 6453 (18.5) |
Other 2 | 11,440 (13.7) | 4789 (5.7) | 25,854 (30.9) | 34,191 (40.8) | 15,718(18.8) |
Unknown | 4197 (18.7) | 1445 (6.4) | 5053 (22.5) | 8209 (36.5) | 4788 (21.3) |
Urban Respondents | |||||
Lifetime TBI with LOC | |||||
No | 791,389 (16.3) *** | 302,128 (6.2) *** | 844,991 (17.4) *** | 1,526,352 (31.4) *** | 572,771 (11.8) *** |
Yes | 227,231 (22.3) | 97,112 (10.0) | 329,875 (33.8) | 448,993 (46.1) | 253,253 (26.0) |
Gender | |||||
Male | 651,204 (23.0) *** | 228,871 (8.1) *** | 454,907 (16.1) *** | 852,336 (30.1) *** | 352,671 (12.5) ** |
Female | 367,416 (12.2) | 170,369 (5.7) | 719,960 (23.9) | 1,123,010 (37.3) | 473,353 (15.7) |
Age Group | |||||
Age 18 to 44 | 670,642 (26.0) *** | 212,272 (8.3) *** | 569,622 (22.1) *** | 1,120,693 (43.5) *** | 442,573 (17.2) *** |
Age 45 to 64 | 288,534 (14.6) | 143,285 (7.2) | 432,508 (21.8) | 618,373 (31.2) | 303,918 (15.3) |
Age 65 or older | 59,444 (4.6) | 43,683 (3.4) | 172,737 (13.5) | 236,281 (18.4) | 79,534 (6.2) |
Race | |||||
White | 833,266 (18.3) ** | 347,733 (7.6) *** | 928,677 (20.4) | 1,529,442 (33.6) * | 627,991 (13.8) * |
Black | 99,059 (12.3) | 18,128 (2.3) | 133,699 (16.6) | 261,180 (32.5) | 106,650 (13.3) |
Other 2 | 66,519 (16.6) | 24,013 (6.0) | 96,127 (23.9) | 164,247 (40.9) | 78,449 (19.5) |
Unknown | 19,776 (24.3) | 9366 (11.5) | 16,365 (20.1) | 20,449 (25.2) | 12,935 (15.9) |
Binge Drinking | Heavy Drinking | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 1 | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 1 | |
Living in a rural area | ||||
Yes | 0.85 (0.74–0.97) | 0.84 (0.73–0.97) | 0.81 (0.67–0.99) | 0.75 (0.62–0.92) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Lifetime TBI with LOC | ||||
Yes | 1.59 (1.35–1.87) | 1.36 (1.14–1.61) | 1.72 (1.38–2.16) | 1.52 (1.20–1.91) |
Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |
Gender | ||||
Male | 0.44 (0.38–0.51) | 0.46 (0.40–0.53) | 0.64 (0.53–0.78) | 0.70 (0.58–0.85) |
Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Age Group | ||||
Age 18 to 44 | 6.78 (5.57–8.24) | 6.87 (5.63–8.37) | 2.58 (2.02–3.28) | 2.59 (2.03–3.30) |
Age 45 to 64 | 3.42 (2.82–4.14) | 3.33 (2.74–4.04) | 2.30 (1.83–2.88) | 2.24 (1.78–2.81) |
Age 65 or older | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Race | ||||
Non-White | 0.67 (0.50–0.89) | 0.58 (0.43–0.78) | 0.34 (0.23–0.51) | 0.32 (0.21–0.48) |
White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Diagnosis of Depressive Disorder | Poor Mental Health for 2 or More Days in the Past 30 Days | Poor Mental Health for 14 or More Days in the Past 30 Days | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 1 | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 1 | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) 1 | |
Living in a rural area | ||||||
Yes | 1.01 (0.9–1.14) | 0.98 (0.87–1.10) | 0.93 (0.84–1.03) | 0.93 (0.84–1.04) | 1.03 (0.89–1.18) | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Lifetime TBI with LOC | ||||||
Yes | 2.44 (2.12–2.8) | 2.61 (2.26–3.01) | 1.88 (1.65–2.14) | 1.96 (1.72–2.24) | 2.64 (2.25–3.09) | 2.68 (2.28–3.16) |
No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 1.75 (1.54–1.98) | 1.99 (1.75–2.26) | 1.48 (1.33–1.65) | 1.68 (1.50–1.87) | 1.37 (1.18–1.59) | 1.57 (1.35–1.82) |
Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Age Group | ||||||
Age 18 to 44 | 1.82 (1.58–2.1) | 1.82 (1.57–2.11) | 3.38 (2.98–3.82) | 3.43 (3.02–3.90) | 2.97 (2.49–3.54) | 2.88 (2.41–3.44) |
Age 45 to 64 | 1.82 (1.61–2.07) | 1.78 (1.57–2.03) | 1.99 (1.78–2.23) | 1.97 (1.76–2.21) | 2.58 (2.19–3.04) | 2.48 (2.10–2.92) |
Age 65 or older | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Race | ||||||
Non-White | 0.83 (0.65–1.05) | 0.82 (0.64–1.06) | 0.99 (0.82–1.20) | 0.90 (0.73–1.10) | 0.97 (0.75–1.25) | 0.97 (0.74-1.27) |
White | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
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Feiss, R.; Corrigan, J.D.; Ding, K.; Beaulieu, C.L.; Bogner, J.; Yang, J. Rural–Urban Differences in Behavioral Outcomes among Adults with Lifetime History of Traumatic Brain Injury with Loss of Consciousness: 2016–2019 Ohio BRFSS. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031678
Feiss R, Corrigan JD, Ding K, Beaulieu CL, Bogner J, Yang J. Rural–Urban Differences in Behavioral Outcomes among Adults with Lifetime History of Traumatic Brain Injury with Loss of Consciousness: 2016–2019 Ohio BRFSS. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031678
Chicago/Turabian StyleFeiss, Robyn, John D. Corrigan, Kele Ding, Cynthia L. Beaulieu, Jennifer Bogner, and Jingzhen Yang. 2022. "Rural–Urban Differences in Behavioral Outcomes among Adults with Lifetime History of Traumatic Brain Injury with Loss of Consciousness: 2016–2019 Ohio BRFSS" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1678. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031678