Dynamics of Microbial Communities during the Removal of Copper and Zinc in a Sulfate-Reducing Bioreactor with a Limestone Pre-Column System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Configuration and Operation of the Treatment System
2.2. Analytical Methods
2.3. Sludge Sample Collection
2.4. DNA Extraction
2.5. rRNA Analysis
2.6. Microbial Diversity and Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Performance of the Treatment System
3.2. Microbial Community Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Bioreactor Performance: Sulfate Removal, Sulfide Production and Metals Removal
4.2. Microbial Diversity and Community Structure
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Period a | Time of Operation b (d) | Influent | Effluent pH | Sulfate Removal (%) | Effluent Sulfide (mg S L−1) | %CODin c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | H2S Formed | CH4 | Organic COD Removal | |||||
I d | 24 | 8.04 ± 0.36 | 8.04 ± 0.36 | 37.7 ± 4.8 | 151.0 ± 20.1 | 49.4 ± 7.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 68.1 ± 7.48 |
II | 196 | 7.45 ± 0.15 | 7.45 ± 0.15 | 38.0 ± 12.3 | 179.8 ± 19.6 | 51.3 ± 12.6 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 74.0 ± 5.09 |
III | 155 | 7.43 ± 0.21 | 7.43 ± 0.21 | 48.8 ± 5.1 | 149.1 ± 18.0 | 42.4 ± 10.1 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 73.0 ± 4.82 |
Period a | Metal in the Influent | Removal of Soluble Metal (%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Limestone Pre-Column | Bioreactor | Complete System | ||||||
(mg Cu(II) L−1) | (mg Zn(II) L−1) | Cu(II) | Zn(II) | Cu(II) | Zn(II) | Cu(II) | Zn(II) | |
II | 15.33 ± 0.37 | - | 54.5 ± 0.8 | - | 96.8 ± 0.8 | - | 98.5 ± 0.6 | - |
III | 15.17 ± 0.35 | 15.54 ± 0.60 | 50.3 ± 1.9 | 47.1 ± 0.7 | 99.8 ± 0.9 | 99.9 ± 1.0 | 99.2 ± 0.4 | >99.9 ± 1.0 |
Period | Time (d) | Shannon | Inverse Simpson | Richness | Chao1 | Evenness |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | 0 | 3.64 | 13.24 | 306.00 | 306.86 | 0.64 |
24 | 3.90 | 23.11 | 250.00 | 250.00 | 0.71 | |
II | 181 | 2.88 | 7.28 | 272.00 | 278.11 | 0.51 |
217 | 2.99 | 8.07 | 277.00 | 278.56 | 0.53 | |
III | 356 | 2.93 | 7.72 | 246.00 | 246.43 | 0.53 |
372 | 2.73 | 6.77 | 217.00 | 219.57 | 0.51 |
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Zambrano-Romero, A.; Ramirez-Villacis, D.X.; Trueba, G.; Sierra-Alvarez, R.; Leon-Reyes, A.; Cardenas, P.; Ochoa-Herrera, V. Dynamics of Microbial Communities during the Removal of Copper and Zinc in a Sulfate-Reducing Bioreactor with a Limestone Pre-Column System. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 1484. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031484
Zambrano-Romero A, Ramirez-Villacis DX, Trueba G, Sierra-Alvarez R, Leon-Reyes A, Cardenas P, Ochoa-Herrera V. Dynamics of Microbial Communities during the Removal of Copper and Zinc in a Sulfate-Reducing Bioreactor with a Limestone Pre-Column System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(3):1484. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031484
Chicago/Turabian StyleZambrano-Romero, Aracely, Dario X. Ramirez-Villacis, Gabriel Trueba, Reyes Sierra-Alvarez, Antonio Leon-Reyes, Paul Cardenas, and Valeria Ochoa-Herrera. 2022. "Dynamics of Microbial Communities during the Removal of Copper and Zinc in a Sulfate-Reducing Bioreactor with a Limestone Pre-Column System" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 3: 1484. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031484