The Mediation Chain Effect of Cognitive Crafting and Personal Resources on the Relationship between Role Ambiguity and Dentists’ Emotional Exhaustion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Theoretical Background and Hypotheses
1.1.1. Burnout and Role Ambiguity in JD-R Theory
1.1.2. Personal Resources and Cognitive Crafting in the Relationship with Burnout
1.1.3. Resilience
1.1.4. Optimism
1.1.5. Self-Efficacy
1.1.6. Cognitive Crafting
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Collection
Ethical Considerations
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Practical Implications
4.2. Limitations and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bakker, A.B.; de Vries, J.D. Job Demands–Resources theory and self-regulation: New explanations and remedies for job burnout. Anxiety Stress Coping 2021, 34, 1–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dyrbye, L.N.; West, C.P.; Satele, D.; Boone, S.; Tan, L.; Sloan, J.; Shanafelt, T.D. Burnout among U.S. Medical Students, Residents, and Early Career Physicians Relative to the General U.S. Population. Acad. Med. 2014, 89, 443–451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Barello, S.; Caruso, R.; Palamenghi, L.; Nania, T.; Dellafiore, F.; Bonetti, L.; Silenzi, A.; Marotta, C.; Graffigna, G. Factors associated with emotional exhaustion in healthcare professionals involved in the COVID-19 pandemic: An application of the job demands-resources model. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2021, 94, 1751–1761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moreno-Jiménez, J.E.; Blanco-Donoso, L.M.; Chico-Fernández, M.; Hofheinz, S.B.; Moreno-Jiménez, B.; Garrosa, E. The Job Demands and Resources Related to COVID-19 in Predicting Emotional Exhaustion and Secondary Traumatic Stress Among Health Professionals in Spain. Front. Psychol. 2021, 12, 564036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ahola, K.; Hakanen, J. Job strain, burnout, and depressive symptoms: A prospective study among dentists. J. Affect. Disord. 2007, 104, 103–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ahola, K.; Hakanen, J. Burnout and health. In Burnout at Work: A Psychological Perspective; Leiter, M.P., Bakker, A.B., Maslach, C., Eds.; Psychology Press: London, UK, 2014; pp. 10–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shanafelt, T.D.; Bradley, K.A.; Wipf, J.E.; Back, A.L. Burnout and Self-Reported Patient Care in an Internal Medicine Residency Program. Ann. Intern. Med. 2002, 136, 358–367. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bridgeman, P.J.; Bridgeman, M.B.; Barone, J. Burnout syndrome among healthcare professionals. Am. J. Health Pharm. 2018, 75, 147–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moro, J.D.S.; Soares, J.P.; Massignan, C.; Oliveira, L.B.; Ribeiro, D.M.; Cardoso, M.; Canto, G.L.; Bolan, M. Burnout syndrome among dentists: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Evid. Based Dent. Pract. 2022, 22, 101724. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chohan, L.; Dewa, C.; El-Badrawy, W.; Nainar, S.M.H. Occupational burnout and depression among pediatric dentists in the United States. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2020, 30, 570–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hakanen, J.J.; Schaufeli, W.B. Do burnout and work engagement predict depressive symptoms and life satisfaction? A three-wave seven-year prospective study. J. Affect. Disord. 2012, 141, 415–424. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bakker, A.B.; Demerouti, E. Job demands–resources theory: Taking stock and looking forward. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2017, 22, 273–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lesener, T.; Gusy, B.; Wolter, C. The job demands-resources model: A meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Work. Stress 2018, 33, 76–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, R.T.; Ashforth, B.E. A meta-analytic examination of the correlates of the three dimensions of job burnout. J. Appl. Psychol. 1996, 81, 123–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alarcon, G.M. A meta-analysis of burnout with job demands, resources, and attitudes. J. Vocat. Behav. 2011, 79, 549–562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bakker, A.B.; Demerouti, E.; Sanz-Vergel, A.I. Burnout and Work Engagement: The JD–R Approach. Annu. Rev. Organ. Psychol. Organ. Behav. 2014, 1, 389–411. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bakker, A.B.; Tims, M.; Derks, D. Proactive personality and job performance: The role of job crafting and work engagement. Hum. Relations 2012, 65, 1359–1378. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tims, M.; Bakker, A.B.; Derks, D. The impact of job crafting on job demands, job resources, and well-being. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2013, 18, 230–240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Petrou, P.; Demerouti, E.; Schaufeli, W.B. Job crafting in changing organizations: Antecedents and implications for exhaustion and performance. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2015, 20, 470–480. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Halbesleben, J.R.B.; Neveu, J.-P.; Paustian-Underdahl, S.C.; Westman, M. Getting to the “COR”: Understanding the role of resources in conservation of resources theory. J. Manag. 2014, 40, 1334–1364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrou, P.; Demerouti, E.; Peeters, M.C.W.; Schaufeli, W.B.; Hetland, J. Crafting a job on a daily basis: Contextual correlates and the link to work engagement. J. Organ. Behav. 2012, 33, 1120–1141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ko, I. Crafting a Job: Creating Optimal Experiences at Work. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, CA, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Singh, V.; Singh, M. A burnout model of job crafting: Multiple mediator effects on job performance. IIMB Manag. Rev. 2018, 30, 305–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hobfoll, S.E. Conservation of resource caravans and engaged settings. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2011, 84, 116–122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bakker, A.B.; Demerouti, E.; Verbeke, W. Using the job demands-resources model to predict burnout and performance. Hum. Resour. Manag. 2004, 43, 83–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Demerouti, E.; Bakker, A.B.; Nachreiner, F.; Schaufeli, W.B. The job demands-resources model of burnout. J. Appl. Psychol. 2001, 86, 499–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bakker, A.B.; Demerouti, E. Towards a model of work engagement. Career Dev. Int. 2008, 13, 209–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maslach, C.; Schaufeli, W.B.; Leiter, M.P. Job burnout. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2001, 52, 397–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hobfoll, S.E. The Influence of Culture, Community, and the Nested-Self in the Stress Process: Advancing Conservation of Resources Theory. Appl. Psychol. 2001, 50, 337–421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gorgievski, M.J.; Halbesleben, J.; Bakker, A.B. Expanding the boundaries of psychological resource theories. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2011, 84, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Halbesleben, J.; Buckley, M.R. Burnout in Organizational Life. J. Manag. 2004, 30, 859–879. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hakanen, J.J.; Bakker, A.; Demerouti, E. How dentists cope with their job demands and stay engaged: The moderating role of job resources. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 2005, 113, 479–487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Westman, M.; Hobfoll, S.E.; Chen, S.; Davidson, O.B.; Laski, S. Organizational stress through the lens of COR theory. In Research in Occupational Stress and Well-Being; Perrewe, P.L., Ganster, D.C., Eds.; JAI Press: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2005; pp. 167–220. [Google Scholar]
- Freudenberger, H.J. Staff Burn-Out. J. Soc. Issues 1974, 30, 159–165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maslach, C.; Jackson, S.E.; Leiter, M.P. Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual, 3rd ed.CPP, Inc.: Mountain View, CA, USA, 1996. [Google Scholar]
- Bakker, A.B.; Demerouti, E. The Job Demands-Resources model: State of the art. J. Manag. Psychol. 2007, 22, 309–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rattrie, L.T.; Kittler, M.G.; Paul, K.I. Culture, burnout, and engagement: A meta-analysis on national cultural values as moderators in JD-R theory. Appl. Psychol. 2020, 69, 176–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Korunka, C.; Kubicek, B.; Schaufeli, W.; Hoonakker, P. Work engagement and burnout: Testing the robustness of the Job Demands-Resources model. J. Posit. Psychol. 2009, 4, 243–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jung, J.; Kim, Y. Causes of newspaper firm employee burnout in Korea and its impact on organizational commitment and turnover intention. Int. J. Hum. Resour. Manag. 2012, 23, 3636–3651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leiter, M.P.; Maslach, C. Latent burnout profiles: A new approach to understanding the burnout experience. Burn. Res. 2016, 3, 89–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maslach, C.; Leiter, M.P. Early predictors of job burnout and engagement. J. Appl. Psychol. 2008, 93, 498–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Milam, L.A.; Cohen, G.L.; Mueller, C.; Salles, A. The Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Well-Being Among Surgical Residents. J. Surg. Educ. 2018, 76, 321–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rotenstein, L.S.; Torre, M.; Ramos, M.A.; Rosales, R.C.; Guille, C.; Sen, S.; Mata, D.A. Prevalence of Burnout Among Physicians: A Systematic Review. JAMA 2018, 320, 1131–1150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kumar, S. Burnout and Doctors: Prevalence, Prevention and Intervention. Healthcare 2016, 4, 37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Karuna, C.; Palmer, V.J.; Scott, A.; Gunn, J. Prevalence of burnout among GPs: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Gen. Pr. 2021, 72, e316–e324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, F.; Samsudin, E.Z.; Chen, X.W.; Toha, H.R. The Prevalence and Work-Related Factors of Burnout Among Public Health Workforce During the COVID-19 Pandemic. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2021, 64, e20–e27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Myers, H.L. ‘It’s difficult being a dentist’: Stress and health in the general dental practitioner. Br. Dent. J. 2004, 197, 89–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gómez-Polo, C.; Casado, A.M.M.; Montero, J. Burnout syndrome in dentists: Work-related factors. J. Dent. 2022, 121, 104143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Özarslan, M.; Caliskan, S. Attitudes and predictive factors of psychological distress and occupational burnout among dentists during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey. Curr. Psychol. 2021, 40, 3113–3124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Singh, P.; Aulak, D.S.; Mangat, S.S. Systematic review: Factors contributing to burnout in dentistry. Occup. Med. 2015, 66, 27–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Slabšinskienė, E.; Gorelik, A.; Kavaliauskienė, A.; Zaborskis, A. Burnout and Its Relationship with Demographic and Job-Related Variables among Dentists in Lithuania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3968. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brenninkmeyer, V.; van Yperen, N.W.; Buunk, B.P. Burnout and depression are not identical twins: Is decline of superiority a distinguishing feature? Personal. Individ. Differ. 2001, 30, 873–880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leiter, M.P. Burnout as a developmental process: Consideration of models. In Professional Burnout: Recent Developments in Theory and Research; Schaufeli, W.B., Maslach, C., Marek, T., Eds.; Taylor & Francis: New York, NY, USA, 1993; pp. 237–250. [Google Scholar]
- Koeske, G.F.; Koeske, R.D. Construct Validity of the Maslach Burnout Inventory: A Critical Review and Reconceptualization. J. Appl. Behav. Sci. 1989, 25, 131–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pines, A.M.; Aronson, E.; Kafry, D. Vom Überdruss zur Selbstentfaltung; Klett-Cotta: Stuttgart, Germany, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Seidler, A.; Thinschmidt, M.; Deckert, S.; Then, F.; Hegewald, J.; Nieuwenhuijsen, K.; Riedel-Heller, S.G. The role of psychosocial working conditions on burnout and its core component emotional exhaustion—A systematic review. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 2014, 9, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Secosan, I.; Virga, D.; Crainiceanu, Z.; Bratu, T. The Mediating Role of Insomnia and Exhaustion in the Relationship between Secondary Traumatic Stress and Mental Health Complaints among Frontline Medical Staff during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Behav. Sci. 2020, 10, 164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schwab, R.L.; Iwanicki, E.F. Perceived Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity, and Teacher Burnout. Educ. Adm. Q. 1982, 18, 60–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tunc, T.; Kutanis, R.O. Role conflict, role ambiguity, and burnout in nurses and physicians at a university hospital in Turkey. Nurs. Health Sci. 2009, 11, 410–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McCormack, N.; Cotter, C. Managing Burnout in the Workplace: A Guide for Information Professionals; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Brookings, J.B.; Bolton, B.; Brown, C.E.; McEvoy, A. Self-reported job burnout among female human service professionals. J. Organ. Behav. 1985, 6, 143–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schmidt, S.; Roesler, U.; Kusserow, T.; Rau, R. Uncertainty in the workplace: Examining role ambiguity and role conflict, and their link to depression—A meta-analysis. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 2012, 23, 91–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chiara, P.; Luca, C.; Annalisa, P.; Chiara, R. Emotional exhaustion among healthcare professionals: The effects of role ambiguity, work engagement and professional commitment. Acta Bio Med. Atenei Parm. 2019, 90, 60–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klein, C.J.; Weinzimmer, L.G.; Cooling, M.; Lizer, S.; Pierce, L.; Dalstrom, M. Exploring burnout and job stressors among advanced practice providers. Nurs. Outlook 2019, 68, 145–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lasalvia, A.; Tansella, M. Occupational stress and job burnout in mental health. Epidemiol. Psychiatr. Sci. 2011, 20, 279–285. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Martín-Brufau, R.; Martin-Gorgojo, A.; Suso-Ribera, C.; Estrada, E.; Capriles-Ovalles, M.-E.; Romero-Brufau, S. Emotion Regulation Strategies, Workload Conditions, and Burnout in Healthcare Residents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 7816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tyrrell, Z. A cognitive behavioural model for maintaining processes in burnout. Cogn. Behav. Ther. 2010, 3, 18–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xanthopoulou, D.; Bakker, A.B.; Demerouti, E.; Schaufeli, W.B. The role of personal resources in the job demands-resources model. Int. J. Stress Manag. 2007, 14, 121–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Smith, B.W.; Tooley, E.M.; Christopher, P.J.; Kay, V.S. Resilience as the ability to bounce back from stress: A neglected personal resource? J. Posit. Psychol. 2010, 5, 166–176. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, M.G.; Carr, D. Psychological Resilience and Health Among Older Adults: A Comparison of Personal Resources. J. Gerontol. Ser. B 2020, 76, 1241–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xing, C.; Sun, J.-M. The role of psychological resilience and positive affect in risky decision-making. Int. J. Psychol. 2013, 48, 935–943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McKinley, N.; Karayiannis, P.N.; Convie, L.; Clarke, M.; Kirk, S.J.; Campbell, W.J. Resilience in medical doctors: A systematic review. Postgrad. Med. J. 2019, 95, 140–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ferreira, P.; Gomes, S. The Role of Resilience in Reducing Burnout: A Study with Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Soc. Sci. 2021, 10, 317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Avey, J.B.; Reichard, R.J.; Luthans, F.; Mhatre, K.H. Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Positive Psychological Capital on Employee Attitudes, Behaviors, and Performance; Management Department Faculty Publications, University of Nebraska: Lincoln, NE, USA, 2011; p. 140. Available online: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/managementfacpub/140 (accessed on 10 June 2022).
- Luthans, F.; Avolio, B.J.; Avey, J.B.; Norman, S.M. Positive psychological capital: Measurement and relationship with per-formance and satisfaction. Pers. Psychol. 2007, 60, 541–572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lopez, S.J.; Snyder, C.R. (Eds.) Handbook of Positive Psychology, 2nd ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Mawritz, M.B.; Greenbaum, R.L.; Butts, M.M.; Graham, K.A. I Just Can’t Control Myself: A Self-Regulation Perspective on the Abuse of Deviant Employees. Acad. Manag. J. 2017, 60, 1482–1503. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wrzesniewski, A.; Dutton, J.E. Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Acad. Manag. Rev. 2001, 26, 179–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vogt, K.; Hakanen, J.J.; Brauchli, R.; Jenny, G.J.; Bauer, G.F. The consequences of job crafting: A three-wave study. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol. 2015, 25, 353–362. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- American Psychological Association. The Road to Resilience; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2014; Available online: http://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience.aspx (accessed on 10 June 2022).
- Parsons, S.; Kruijt, A.-W.; Fox, E. A Cognitive Model of Psychological Resilience. J. Exp. Psychopathol. 2016, 7, 296–310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Harms, P.D.; Brady, L.; Wood, D.; Silard, A. Resilience, and well-being. In Handbook of Well-Being; Diener, E., Oishi, S., Tay, L., Eds.; DEF Publishers: Salt Lake City, UT, USA, 2018; Available online: http://www.nobascholar.com (accessed on 10 June 2022).
- Reyes, A.T.; Andrusyszyn, M.-A.; Iwasiw, C.; Forchuk, C.; Babenko-Mould, Y. Resilience in Nursing Education: An Integrative Review. J. Nurs. Educ. 2015, 54, 438–444. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Arrogante, O.; Aparicio-Zaldivar, E. Burnout and health among critical care professionals: The mediational role of resilience. Intensiv. Crit. Care Nurs. 2017, 42, 110–115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, C.; Grassau, P.; Lawlor, P.G.; Webber, C.; Bush, S.H.; Gagnon, B.; Kabir, M.; Spilg, E.G. Burnout and resilience among Canadian palliative care physicians. BMC Palliat. Care 2020, 19, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buck, K.; Williamson, M.; Ogbeide, S.; Norberg, B. Family Physician Burnout and Resilience: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. Fam. Med. 2019, 51, 657–663. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Di Monte, C.; Monaco, S.; Mariani, R.; Di Trani, M. From Resilience to Burnout: Psychological Features of Italian General Practitioners During COVID-19 Emergency. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 567201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duarte, I.; Teixeira, A.; Castro, L.; Marina, S.; Ribeiro, C.; Jácome, C.; Martins, V.; Ribeiro-Vaz, I.; Pinheiro, H.C.; Silva, A.R.; et al. Burnout among Portuguese healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Izquierdo, M.; De Pedro, M.M.; Ríos-Risquez, M.I.; Sánchez, M.I.S. Resilience as a Moderator of Psychological Health in Situations of Chronic Stress (Burnout) in a Sample of Hospital Nurses. J. Nurs. Sch. 2017, 50, 228–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- VandenBos, G.R. (Ed.) APA Dictionary of Psychology; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Carver, C.S.; Scheier, M.S. Optimism. In Handbook of Positive Psychology; Snyder, C.R., Lopez, S.J., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2002; pp. 231–243. [Google Scholar]
- Seligman, M. Learned Optimism; Pocket Books: New York, NY, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Conversano, C.; Rotondo, A.; Lensi, E.; Della Vista, O.; Arpone, F.; Reda, M.A. Optimism and Its Impact on Mental and Physical Well-Being. Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health 2010, 6, 25–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scheier, M.F.; Carver, C.S. Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Heal. Psychol. 1985, 4, 219–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, E.C.; Rand, K.L.; Strunk, D.R. Optimism, and risk for job burnout among working college students: Stress as a mediator. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2000, 29, 255–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chang, Y.; Chan, H.-J. Optimism and proactive coping in relation to burnout among nurses. J. Nurs. Manag. 2015, 23, 401–408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, J.; Yansong, W.; Xuqun, Y. The Job Demands-Resources Model and Job Burnout: The Mediating Role of Personal Resources. Curr. Psychol. 2016, 35, 562–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malagón-Aguilera, M.C.; Suñer-Soler, R.; Bonmatí-Tomas, A.; Bosch-Farré, C.; Gelabert-Viella, S.; Fontova-Almató, A.; Grau-Martín, A.; Juvinyà-Canal, D. Dispositional Optimism, Burnout and Their Relationship with Self-Reported Health Status among Nurses Working in Long-Term Healthcare Centers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4918. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vizoso, C.; Arias-Gundín, O.; Rodríguez, C. Exploring coping and optimism as predictors of academic burnout and per-formance among university students. Educ. Psychol. 2019, 39, 768–783. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wood, R.; Bandura, A. Social cognitive theory of organizational management. Acad. Manag. Rev. 1989, 14, 361–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bandura, A.; Freeman, W.H.; Lightsey, R. Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 1997. [Google Scholar]
- Schwarzer, R.; Hallum, S. Perceived Teacher Self-Efficacy as a Predictor of Job Stress and Burnout: Mediation Analyses. Appl. Psychol. 2008, 57, 152–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Krueger, N.; Dickson, P.R. How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: Perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decis. Sci. 1994, 25, 385–400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sonnentag, S.; Fritz, C. Recovery from job stress: The stressor detachment model as an integrative framework. J. Org. Behav. 2015, 36, 72–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clauss, E.; Hoppe, A.; Schachler, V.; O’Shea, D. Occupational self-efficacy and work engagement as moderators in the stressor-detachment model. Work Stress 2020, 35, 74–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guarnaccia, C.; Scrima, F.; Civilleri, A.; Salerno, L. The Role of Occupational Self-Efficacy in Mediating the Effect of Job In-security on Work Engagement, Satisfaction and General Health. Curr. Psychol. 2018, 37, 488–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shacham, M.; Hamama-Raz, Y.; Kolerman, R.; Mijiritsky, O.; Ben-Ezra, M.; Mijiritsky, E. COVID-19 Factors and Psychological Factors Associated with Elevated Psychological Distress among Dentists and Dental Hygienists in Israel. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Jurado, M.D.M.M.; Pérez-Fuentes, M.D.C.; Linares, J.J.G.G.; Márquez, M.D.M.S.; Martínez, Á.M. Burnout Risk and Protection Factors in Certified Nursing Aides. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Aloe, A.M.; Amo, L.C.; Shanahan, M.E. Classroom Management Self-Efficacy and Burnout: A Multivariate Meta-analysis. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 2013, 26, 101–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeung, D.-Y.; Lee, H.-O.; Chung, W.G.; Yoon, J.-H.; Koh, S.B.; Back, C.-Y.; Hyun, D.-S.; Chang, S.-J. Association of Emotional Labor, Self-efficacy, and Type A Personality with Burnout in Korean Dental Hygienists. J. Korean Med Sci. 2017, 32, 1423–1430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, Q.; Taris, T.W.; Dollard, M.F.; Schaufeli, W.B. An exploration of the component validity of job crafting. Eur. J. Work Organ. Psychol. 2020, 29, 776–793. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rudolph, C.W.; Katz, I.M.; Lavigne, K.N.; Zacher, H. Job crafting: A meta-analysis of relationships with individual differences, job characteristics, and work outcomes. J. Vocat. Behav. 2017, 102, 112–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hakanen, J.J.; Seppälä, P.; Peeters, M.C.W. High Job Demands, Still Engaged and Not Burned Out? The Role of Job Crafting. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2017, 24, 619–627. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bruning, P.F.; Campion, M.A. A Role–resource Approach–avoidance Model of Job Crafting: A Multimethod Integration and Extension of Job Crafting Theory. Acad. Manag. J. 2018, 61, 499–522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nielsen, K.; Abildgaard, J.S. The development and validation of a job crafting measure for use with blue-collar workers. Work. Stress 2012, 26, 365–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tims, M.; Bakker, A.B.; Derks, D. Development and validation of the job crafting scale. J. Vocat. Behav. 2012, 80, 173–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slemp, G.R.; Vella-Brodrick, D.A. The job crafting questionnaire: A new scale to measure the extent to which employees engage in job crafting. Int. J. Wellbeing 2013, 3, 126–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malo, M.; Tremblay, I.; Brunet, L. Cognitive adjustment as an indicator of psychological health at work: Development and validation of a measure. J. Vocat. Behav. 2016, 92, 33–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wijngaards, I.; Pronk, F.R.; Bakker, A.B.; Burger, M.J. Cognitive crafting and work engagement: A study among remote and frontline health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Heal. Care Manag. Rev. 2021, 47, 227–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Melo, N.; Dourado, D.; Andrade, J. Reclaiming cognitive crafting: An integrative model of behavioral and cognitive practices in job crafting. Int. J. Organ. Anal. 2021, 29, 1302–1320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rosseel, Y. lavaan: AnRPackage for Structural Equation Modeling. J. Stat. Softw. 2012, 48, 1–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; R Foundation for Statistical Computing: Vienna, Austria, 2021; Available online: http://www.r-project.org/index.html (accessed on 10 June 2022).
- Maslach, C.; Jackson, S.E. The measurement of experienced burnout. J. Organ. Behav. 1981, 2, 99–113. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bria, M.; Spânu, F.; Baban, A.; Dumitrascu, D.L. Maslach Burnout Inventory—General Survey: Factorial validity and invar-iance among Romanian healthcare professionals. Burn. Res. 2014, 1, 103–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dimitriu, M.; Pantea-Stoian, A.; Smaranda, A.C.; Nica, A.A.; Carap, A.C.; Constantin, V.D.; Davitoiu, A.M.; Cirstoveanu, C.; Bacalbasa, N.; Bratu, O.G.; et al. Burnout syndrome in Romanian medical residents in time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Med. Hypotheses 2020, 144, 109972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Popa-Velea, O.; Diaconescu, L.V.; Gheorghe, I.R.; Olariu, O.; Panaitiu, I.; Cerniţanu, M.; Goma, L.; Nicov, I.; Spinei, L. Factors Associated with Burnout in Medical Academia: An Exploratory Analysis of Romanian and Moldavian Physicians. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tate, U.; Whatley, A.; Clugston, M. Sources and outcomes of job tension: A three-nation study. Int. J. Manag. 1997, 3, 350–358. [Google Scholar]
- Siong, Z.M.B.; Mellor, D.; Moore, K.A.; Firth, L. Predicting intention to quit in the call centre industry: Does the retail model fit? J. Manag. Psychol. 2006, 21, 231–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Firth, L.; Mellor, D.; Moore, K.A.; Loquet, C. How can managers reduce employee intention to quit. J. Manag. Psychol. 2004, 19, 170–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- McKay, S.; Tate, U. A path analytic investigation of job-related tension: A case for sales management. J. Mark. Manag. 1999, 9, 10711988. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, F.; Parker, S.K. Reorienting job crafting research: A hierarchical structure of job crafting concepts and integrative review. J. Organ. Behav. 2018, 40, 126–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lichtenthaler, P.W.; Fischbach, A. A meta-analysis on promotion- and prevention-focused job crafting. Eur. J. Work. Organ. Psychol. 2018, 28, 30–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Slemp, G.R.; Kern, M.L.; Vella-Brodrick, D.A. Workplace Well-Being: The Role of Job Crafting and Autonomy Support. Psychol. Well-Being 2015, 5, 1–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Bartel, C.; Dutton, J. Ambiguous organizational memberships: Constructing organizational identities in interactions with others. In Social Identity Processes in Organizational Contexts; Hogg, M.A., Terry, D.J., Eds.; Psychology Press: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2001; pp. 115–130. [Google Scholar]
- Lupșa, D.; Vîrgă, D. Psychological Capital Questionnaire (PCQ): Analysis of the Romanian adaptation and validation. Psihologia Resurselor Umane 2018, 16, 27–39. [Google Scholar]
- Laschinger, H.K.S.; Grau, A.L. The influence of personal dispositional factors and organizational resources on workplace violence, burnout, and health outcomes in new graduate nurses: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2012, 49, 282–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferradás, M.d.M.; Freire, C.; García-Bértoa, A.; Núñez, J.C.; Rodríguez, S. Teacher profiles of psychological capital and their relationship with burnout. Sustainability 2019, 11, 5096. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Schwarzer, R.; Jerusalem, M. Generalized self-efficacy scale. In Measures in Health Psychology: A User’s Portfolio. Causal and Control Beliefs; Weinman, J., Wright, S., Johnston, M., Eds.; NFER-NELSON: Windsor, UK, 1995; pp. 35–37. [Google Scholar]
- Vasiliu, D.; Marinescu, D.A.; Marinescu, G.; Rizeanu, S. Evaluarea autoeficacității. Proprietăți psihometrice pentru Self-Efficacy Scales: SES. Rev. De Stud. Psihol. 2015, 2, 210–222. [Google Scholar]
- Jerusalem, M.; Schwarzer, R. Self-efficacy as a resource factor in stress appraisal processes. In Self-Efficacy: Thought Control of Action; Taylor & Francis: New York, NY, USA, 1992; p. 195213. [Google Scholar]
- Langford, P. Malicious and Multiple Responses to Surveys: How to Manage the Risks. 2020. Available online: https://voiceproject.com/articles/managing-multiple-responses-to-surveys (accessed on 10 June 2022).
- Hayes, A.F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach (Methodology in the Social Sciences), 2nd ed.; The Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Demerouti, E.; Peeters, M.C.; Heuvel, M.V.D. Job crafting interventions: Do they work and why. In Positive Psychological Intervention Design and Protocols for Multi-Cultural Contexts; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 103–125. [Google Scholar]
- Bandura, A. Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organizational effectiveness. In Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behavior: Indispensable Knowledge for Evidence-Based Management; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: West Sussex, UK, 2012; pp. 179–200. [Google Scholar]
- Contreras, F.; Espinosa, J.C.; Esguerra, G.A. Could Personal Resources Influence Work Engagement and Burnout? A Study in a Group of Nursing Staff. SAGE Open 2020, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Masten, A.S. Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. Am. Psychol. 2001, 56, 227–238. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Butler, A.C.; E Chapman, J.; Forman, E.; Beck, A.T. The empirical status of cognitive-behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2006, 26, 17–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Berg, J.M.; Dutton, J.E.; Wrzesniewski, A. Job crafting and meaningful work. In Purpose and Meaning in the Workplace; Dik, B.J., Byrne, Z.S., Steger, M.F., Eds.; American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, USA, 2013; pp. 81–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Luthans, F.; Avey, J.B.; Avolio, B.; Norman, S.M.; Combs, G.J. Psychological capital development: Toward a mi-cro-intervention. J. Organ. Behav. 2006, 27, 387–393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Russo, S.D.; Stoykova, P. Psychological Capital Intervention (PCI): A Replication and Extension. Hum. Resour. Dev. Q. 2015, 26, 329–347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Frequency | Percent | |
---|---|---|
gender category | ||
Male | 49 | 25.7 |
Female | 142 | 74.3 |
marital status | ||
Single | 45 | 23.6 |
married/in a relationship | 146 | 76.4 |
length of service | ||
less than 5 years | 70 | 36.6 |
between 6–10 years | 56 | 29.3 |
between 11–20 years | 40 | 20.9 |
21 years and above | 25 | 13.2 |
Variables | M | Sd | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Role ambiguity | 4.04 | 1.69 | (0.84) | |||||
2. Cognitive crafting | 21.37 | 3.84 | −0.34 ** | (0.90) | ||||
3. Resilience | 27.73 | 4.74 | −0.39 ** | 0.36 ** | (0.76) | |||
4. Optimism | 27.43 | 4.66 | −0.41 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.65 ** | (0.66) | ||
5. Self-efficacy | 34.29 | 5.16 | −0.43 ** | 0.52 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.58 ** | (0.91) | |
6. Burnout | 13.63 | 6.26 | 0.34 ** | −0.42 ** | −0.420 ** | −0.53 ** | −0.44 ** | (0.91) |
Variables | Unst. Coef. | SE | p | BC Bootstrap 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
The total effect of | |||||
role ambiguity→burnout | 1.28 | 0.25 | 0.001 | 0.790 | 1.781 |
The direct effect of: | |||||
role ambiguity→burnout (c’) | 0.57 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.063 | 1.082 |
role ambiguity→cognitive crafting | −0.78 | 0.15 | 0.001 | −1.089 | −0.479 |
role ambiguity→self-efficacy | −0.86 | 0.19 | 0.001 | −1.244 | −0.490 |
cognitive crafting→burnout | −0.39 | 0.12 | 0.001 | −0.630 | −0.154 |
cognitive crafting→self-efficacy | 0.56 | 0.08 | 0.001 | 0.402 | 0.735 |
self-efficacy→burnout | −0.30 | 0.09 | 0.001 | −0.492 | −0.123 |
The indirect effect of: | |||||
role ambiguity→cognitive crafting→burnout | 0.30 | 0.124 | 0.518 | ||
role ambiguity→self-efficacy→burnout | 0.26 | 0.111 | 0.500 | ||
role ambiguity→cognitive crafting→self-efficacy→burnout | 0.13 | 0.050 | 0.269 |
Variables | Unst. Coef. | SE | p | BC Bootstrap 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
The total effect of | |||||
role ambiguity→burnout | 1.28 | 0.25 | 0.001 | 0.790 | 1.781 |
The direct effect of: | |||||
role ambiguity→burnout (c’) | 0.41 | 0.24 | 0.09 | −0.070 | 0.896 |
role ambiguity→cognitive crafting | −0.78 | 0.15 | 0.001 | −1.089 | −0.479 |
role ambiguity→optimism | −0.80 | 0.18 | 0.001 | −1.169 | −0.449 |
cognitive crafting→burnout | −0.35 | 0.10 | 0.001 | −0.569 | −0.137 |
cognitive crafting→optimism | 0.40 | 0.08 | 0.001 | 0.247 | 0.565 |
optimism→burnout | −0.52 | 0.09 | 0.001 | −0.711 | −0.344 |
The indirect effect of: | |||||
role ambiguity→cognitive crafting→burnout | 0.87 | 0.572 | 1.248 | ||
role ambiguity→optimism→burnout | 0.42 | 0.217 | 0.704 | ||
role ambiguity→cognitive crafting→optimism→burnout | 0.16 | 0.078 | 0.294 |
Variables | Unst. Coef. | SE | p | BC Bootstrap 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
The total effect of | |||||
role ambiguity→burnout | 1.28 | 0.25 | 0.001 | 0.790 | 1.781 |
The direct effect of: | |||||
role ambiguity→burnout (c’) | 0.57 | 0.25 | 0.02 | 0.063 | 1.082 |
role ambiguity→cognitive crafting | −0.78 | 0.15 | 0.001 | −1.089 | −0.479 |
role ambiguity →self-efficacy | −0.86 | 0.19 | 0.001 | −1.244 | −0.490 |
cognitive crafting→burnout | −0.39 | 0.12 | 0.001 | −0.630 | −0.154 |
cognitive crafting→self-efficacy | 0.56 | 0.08 | 0.001 | 0.402 | 0.735 |
self-efficacy→burnout | −0.30 | 0.09 | 0.001 | −0.492 | −0.0123 |
The indirect effect of: | |||||
role ambiguity→cognitive crafting→burnout | 0.30 | 0.124 | 0.518 | ||
role ambiguity→self-efficacy→burnout | 0.26 | 0.111 | 0.500 | ||
role ambiguity→cognitive crafting→self-efficacy→burnout | 0.13 | 0.050 | 0.269 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Stan, R.; Ciobanu, C. The Mediation Chain Effect of Cognitive Crafting and Personal Resources on the Relationship between Role Ambiguity and Dentists’ Emotional Exhaustion. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416617
Stan R, Ciobanu C. The Mediation Chain Effect of Cognitive Crafting and Personal Resources on the Relationship between Role Ambiguity and Dentists’ Emotional Exhaustion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(24):16617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416617
Chicago/Turabian StyleStan, Rosana, and Cristina Ciobanu. 2022. "The Mediation Chain Effect of Cognitive Crafting and Personal Resources on the Relationship between Role Ambiguity and Dentists’ Emotional Exhaustion" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 24: 16617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416617