The Association among Alcohol Consumption Patterns, Drink-Driving Behaviors, and the Harm from Alcohol-Related Road Traffic Injuries Due to the Drinking of Others in Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Sample Population
2.2. Measurements
- white liquor/herbal liquor: five shots or one fourth of a large bottle or half of a middle-sized bottle, or
- distilled liquor: one fourth of a large bottle or five shots or eight glasses of distilled liquor containing a mixer, or
- beer: four cans or two large bottles, or
- wine/champagne: one large bottle or four glasses of wine, or
- cider/wine coolers: four and a half bottles or cans, or
- fermented liquor (rice liquor/locally made liquor): one large bottle or two and a half glasses).
- (1)
- In the past 12 months, have you drunk liquor/alcohol beverages before or while driving a vehicle? There were four choices of answers, including (1) frequently, (2) sometimes, (3) driven but never drank before driving, and (4) never drove. This question was asked only among current drinkers. We classified choices 1 and 2 as drink-driving and choice 3 as non-drink-driving. We also excluded those who responded with choice 4 or non-drivers from the model that included drink-driving variables in order to avoid underestimation of drink-driving effect.
- (2)
- In the past 12 months, have you been injured or had an accident due to your own drinking before or while driving a vehicle? The choices of answers were never and frequently (one time, two times, three times, or more than three times). We classified those responded “frequently” as those who reported harm from road traffic injuries due to self-drink-driving behaviors.
- (3)
- In the past 12 months, have you been injured or had an accident by other people driving a vehicle? The choices of answers were never and frequently (i.e., was a passenger with intoxicated driver, was a passenger with unintoxicated driver but the opposite party was intoxicated, was a passenger with intoxicated driver and the opposite party was also intoxicated, was a passenger but was not sure whether the driver and/or the opposite party drank alcohol, and was a pedestrian (on the road/pavement) and was hit by intoxicated driver). We classified those who responded “frequently” as those who reported road traffic injuries due to others’ drink-driving behavior.
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics, Socio-Economic Status, and Alcohol-Related Road Traffic Injuries
3.2. Self-Reported Drinking Behavior and Experience of Road Traffic Injury Due to Others’ Drink-Driving Behavior
3.3. Factors Associated with Road Traffic-Related Injuries and Ones’ Own Alcohol Drinking Behavior
4. Discussion
4.1. Strengths and Limitations
4.2. Policy Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Road Traffic Injuries Due to Others’ Drink-Driving Behavior | Drink-Driving | Harms from Road Traffic Injuries Due to Self-Drink-Driving Behavior | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | No | Yes | Total | No | Yes | Total | No | Yes | |
n = 50,460,216 | n = 49,934,630 | n = 525,587 | n = 11,028,449 | n = 4,870,656 | n = 6,157,793 | n = 6,157,793 | n = 5,846,304 | n = 311,489 | |
Demographic Characteristics | |||||||||
Gender | |||||||||
Female | 25,337,036 | 99.27 | 0.73 | 1,669,219 | 60.25 | 39.75 | 663,529 | 98.58 | 1.42 |
Male | 25,123,180 | 98.65 | 1.35 | 9,359,230 | 41.30 | 58.70 | 5,494,264 | 94.50 | 5.50 |
Age group | |||||||||
15–19 years | 3,188,928 | 98.92 | 1.08 | 415,342 | 33.22 | 66.78 | 277,381 | 92.88 | 7.12 |
20–24 years | 3,983,154 | 98.47 | 1.53 | 1,114,648 | 37.69 | 62.31 | 694,562 | 94.58 | 5.42 |
25–44 years | 18,282,069 | 98.98 | 1.02 | 5,219,448 | 44.88 | 55.12 | 2,876,899 | 95.19 | 4.81 |
45–59 years | 13,979,323 | 98.98 | 1.02 | 3,353,441 | 45.04 | 54.96 | 1,842,933 | 95.16 | 4.84 |
60+ years | 11,026,742 | 99.09 | 0.91 | 925,570 | 49.65 | 50.35 | 466,018 | 94.34 | 5.66 |
Marital status | |||||||||
Single | 11,908,964 | 98.83 | 1.17 | 2,663,421 | 39.85 | 60.15 | 1,602,018 | 94.03 | 5.97 |
Married | 31,882,292 | 98.98 | 1.02 | 7,525,616 | 45.96 | 54.04 | 4,066,941 | 95.38 | 4.62 |
Divorced/widowed/separated | 6,668,961 | 99.09 | 0.91 | 839,412 | 45.96 | 54.04 | 488,834 | 94.27 | 5.73 |
Region | |||||||||
Bangkok | 7,082,856 | 99.46 | 0.54 | 1,126,807 | 64.93 | 35.07 | 395,222 | 95.19 | 4.81 |
Central | 14,854,799 | 99.18 | 0.82 | 3,172,182 | 49.89 | 50.11 | 1,589,682 | 94.96 | 5.04 |
North | 8,628,601 | 99.13 | 0.87 | 2,447,347 | 32.53 | 67.47 | 1,651,261 | 96.82 | 3.18 |
Northeast | 13,344,282 | 98.22 | 1.78 | 3,426,680 | 42.49 | 57.51 | 1,970,541 | 93.62 | 6.38 |
South | 6,549,678 | 99.21 | 0.79 | 855,433 | 35.58 | 64.42 | 551,087 | 93.82 | 6.18 |
Area | |||||||||
Rural | 27,313,442 | 98.92 | 1.08 | 6,368,201 | 40.73 | 59.27 | 3,774,634 | 94.94 | 5.06 |
Urban | 23,146,774 | 99.00 | 1.00 | 4,660,248 | 48.86 | 51.14 | 2,383,159 | 94.94 | 5.06 |
Education | |||||||||
Illiterate | 2,361,988 | 99.26 | 0.74 | 195,144 | 49.84 | 50.16 | 97,884 | 92.64 | 7.36 |
Primary school | 22,899,870 | 98.89 | 1.11 | 4,442,968 | 41.78 | 58.22 | 2,586,780 | 93.58 | 6.42 |
Secondary school | 8,383,518 | 98.88 | 1.12 | 2,207,363 | 42.49 | 57.51 | 1,269,560 | 94.72 | 5.28 |
High school | 7,981,081 | 98.86 | 1.14 | 2,217,553 | 43.92 | 56.08 | 1,243,691 | 95.75 | 4.25 |
Diploma or higher | 8,833,759 | 99.22 | 0.78 | 1,965,422 | 51.16 | 48.84 | 959,878 | 98.09 | 1.91 |
Socio-Economic Status | |||||||||
Employment status | |||||||||
Unemployed | 13,058,323 | 99.19 | 0.81 | 902,748 | 46.22 | 53.78 | 485,462 | 93.11 | 6.89 |
Employed | 37,401,894 | 98.88 | 1.12 | |10,125,701 | 43.98 | 56.02 | 5,672,331 | 95.10 | 4.90 |
Monthly (individual) income | |||||||||
Poorest (quintile 1) | 9,017,346 | 98.92 | 1.08 | 860,929 | 43.28 | 56.72 | 488,361 | 90.95 | 9.05 |
Poor (quintile 2) | 11,102,039 | 98.90 | 1.10 | 2,006,246 | 39.22 | 60.78 | 1,219,418 | 95.25 | 4.75 |
Middle (quintile 3) | 8,036,462 | 98.83 | 1.17 | 2,192,836 | 38.83 | 61.17 | 1,341,252 | 94.35 | 5.65 |
Richer (quintile 4) | 10,443,773 | 99.02 | 0.98 | 2,759,977 | 43.88 | 56.12 | 1,548,857 | 94.47 | 5.53 |
Richest (quintile 5) | 11,860,596 | 99.07 | 0.93 | 3,208,462 | 51.38 | 48.62 | 1,559,904 | 96.93 | 3.07 |
Variable | Model 1: RTI and HTO n = 80,797 | Model 2: RTI and HTO n = 80,797 | Model 3: RTI and HTO n = 75,305 | Model 4: RTI and HTO n = 75,305 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | AOR | 95% CI | |
Current drinking in past 12 months | ||||||||
Non-drinker | 1 | |||||||
Drink | 1.50 ** | (1.49–1.51) | ||||||
Binge-drinking | ||||||||
Non-drinker | 1 | |||||||
Drink without binging | 0.97 ** | (0.97–0.98) | ||||||
Binge-drinker | 2.31 ** | (2.30–2.33) | ||||||
Drink and driving | ||||||||
Non-drinker | 1 | |||||||
Drink without driving | 1.20 ** | (1.19–1.21) | ||||||
Drink-driving | 2.12 ** | (2.10–2.14) | ||||||
Drink-driving and injury | ||||||||
Non-drinker | 1 | |||||||
Drink without driving | 1.20 ** | (1.99–1.21) | ||||||
Drink-drive and no injury from self-drinking | 1.64 ** | (1.62–1.65) | ||||||
Drink-drive and injury from self-drinking | 11.57 ** | (11.43–11.71) | ||||||
Demographic Characteristics | ||||||||
Gender | ||||||||
Female | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Male | 1.53 ** | (1.52–1.54) | 1.44 ** | (1.43–1.45) | 1.60 ** | (1.59–1.61) | 1.57 ** | (1.56–1.58) |
Age group | ||||||||
15–19 years | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
20–24 years | 1.35 ** | (1.33–1.37) | 1.27 ** | (1.25–1.29) | 1.38 ** | (1.36–1.40) | 1.36 ** | (1.34–1.38) |
25–44 years | 0.98 ** | (0.96–0.99) | 0.93 ** | (0.92–0.94) | 0.98 | (0.97–1.00) | 0.97 ** | (0.86–0.99) |
45–59 years | 0.90 ** | (0.88–0.91) | 0.87 ** | (0.86–0.88) | 0.90 ** | (0.88- 0.91) | 0.89 ** | (0.88–0.91) |
60+ years | 0.89 ** | (0.88–0.90) | 0.89 ** | (0.88–0.90) | 0.95 ** | (0.94–0.97) | 0.96 ** | (0.95–0.98) |
Marital status | ||||||||
Single | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Married | 0.87 ** | (0.86–0.87) | 0.89 ** | (0.88–0.90) | 0.87 ** | (0.86–0.88) | 0.89 ** | (0.88–0.90) |
Divorced/widowed/separated | 0.95 ** | (0.94–0.96) | 0.94 ** | (0.93–0.95) | 0.96 ** | (0.96–0.98) | 0.98 ** | (0.97–1.00) |
Region | ||||||||
Bangkok | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Central | 1.65 ** | (1.64–1.68) | 1.65 ** | (1.63–1.67) | 1.90 ** | (1.88–1.93) | 1.91 ** | (1.89–1.94) |
North | 1.74 ** | (1.72–1.76) | 1,73 ** | (1.71–1.75) | 1.89 ** | (1.86–1.91) | 1.96 ** | (1.93–1.99) |
Northeast | 3.59 ** | (3.54–3.63) | 3.53 ** | (3.49–3.57) | 3.94 ** | (3.89–3.99) | 3.92 ** | (3.87–3.94) |
South | 1.71 ** | (1.69–1.73) | 1.72 ** | (1.69–1.74) | 1.82 ** | (1.58–1.85) | 1.81 ** | (1.79–1.84) |
Area | ||||||||
Rural | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Urban | 1.28 ** | (1.27–1.28) | 1.28 ** | (1.28–1.29) | 1.32 ** | (1.32–1.33) | 1.30 ** | (1.30–1.31) |
Education | ||||||||
Illiterate | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Primary school | 1.13 ** | (1.12–1.15) | 1.13 ** | (1.11–1.15) | 0.99 | (0.97–1.01) | 0.99 | (0.98–1.01) |
Secondary school | 1.04 ** | (1.02–1.06) | 1.02 * | (1.00–1.04) | 0.86 ** | (0.85–0.88) | 0.88 ** | (0.86–0.89) |
High school | 1.08 ** | (1.06–1.10) | 1.08 ** | (1.06–1.10) | 0.94 ** | (0.93–0.96) | 0.98 ** | (0.97–1.00) |
Diploma or higher | 0.85 ** | (0.83–0.86) | 0.86 ** | (0.84–0.87) | 0.77 ** | (0.76–0.79) | 0.82 ** | (0.80–0.83) |
Socio-Economic Status | ||||||||
Employment status | ||||||||
Unemployed | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
Employed | 0.89 ** | (1.28–1.30) | 1.28 ** | (1.27–1.29) | 1.28 ** | (1.27–1.29) | 1.30 ** | (1.28–1.31) |
Monthly (individual) Income | ||||||||
Poorest (quintile 1) | 1 | 1 | 1.00 | |||||
Poor (quintile 2) | 0.89 ** | (0.88–0.90) | 0.89 ** | (0.88- 0.90) | 0.99 ** | (0.89–0.91) | 0.92 ** | (0.91–0.93) |
Middle (quintile 3) | 0.85 ** | (0.84–0.85) | 0.85 ** | (0.84–0.86) | 0.84 ** | (0.83–0.84) | 0.85 ** | (0.84–0.86) |
Richer (quintile 4) | 0.79 ** | (0.78–0.80) | 0.80 ** | (0.79–0.81) | 0.71 ** | (0.70–0.72) | 0.73 ** | (0.72–0.74) |
Richest (quintile 5) | 0.93 ** | (0.92–0.94) | 0.93 ** | (0.92–0.94) | 0.92 ** | (0.91–0.93) | 0.95 ** | (0.94–0.97) |
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Nasueb, S.; Jankhotkaew, J.; Vichitkunakorn, P.; Waleewong, O. The Association among Alcohol Consumption Patterns, Drink-Driving Behaviors, and the Harm from Alcohol-Related Road Traffic Injuries Due to the Drinking of Others in Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 16281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316281
Nasueb S, Jankhotkaew J, Vichitkunakorn P, Waleewong O. The Association among Alcohol Consumption Patterns, Drink-Driving Behaviors, and the Harm from Alcohol-Related Road Traffic Injuries Due to the Drinking of Others in Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):16281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316281
Chicago/Turabian StyleNasueb, Sopit, Jintana Jankhotkaew, Polathep Vichitkunakorn, and Orratai Waleewong. 2022. "The Association among Alcohol Consumption Patterns, Drink-Driving Behaviors, and the Harm from Alcohol-Related Road Traffic Injuries Due to the Drinking of Others in Thailand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 16281. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316281