Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Migrant Population in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample Recruitment
2.2. Depression and Anxiety (Outcome Variables)
2.3. CovariatesBased on Previous Research, Covariates Were Classified as Follows [11]
2.3.1. Individual Characteristics
2.3.2. Factors Related to the Migration Process
2.3.3. Factors Related to Basic Needs (Housing and Employment)
2.3.4. Factors Related to the Social Environment
2.3.5. Perceived Health
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Total Sample (n = 129) |
---|---|
Sociodemographic and individual characteristics | |
Gender, n (%) | |
Male | 44 (34.9) |
Female | 79 (62.7) |
Other | 3 (2.4) |
Age, mean (SD) | 35.3 (10.7) |
Level of education, n (%) | |
Primary education | 2 (1.8) |
Secondary education | 18 (15.8) |
Preparatory education | 5 (4.4) |
Technical higher education | 22 (19.3) |
University higher education | 64 (56.1) |
Household monthly income ranges (EUR), n (%) | |
<800 | 29 (28.7) |
800–1550 | 29 (28.7) |
1550–2200 | 8 (8.0) |
2200–3600 | 7 (6.9) |
>3600 | 3 (3.0) |
Resilience, mean (SD) | 2.9 (0.8) * |
Self-esteem, mean (SD) | 8.9 (4.9) * |
Migration | |
Years since migration (≤5), n (%) | 82 (76.6) |
Residence permit (yes), n (%) | 79 (67.5) |
Country of birth, n (%) | |
EU citizens | 5 (4.0) |
non-EU citizens | 100 (80.0) |
Basic needs | |
Employment (yes), n (%) | 45 (44.1) |
Housing, n (%) | |
Owned | 9 (8.9) |
Rented | 79 (78.2) |
Other | 13 (12.9) |
Social environment | |
Social support, mean (SD) | 5.6 (2.1) * |
COVID-related perceived stress, mean (SD) | 1.9 (0.9) * |
Discrimination (yes), n(%) | 88 (94.6) |
Perceived health | |
Quality of life, mean (SD) | 0.9 (0.2) * |
NCDs diagnosis (yes), n (%) | 28 (30.1) |
Previous mental health problems (yes), n (%) | 58 (56.3) |
Confirmed COVID-19 diagnosis, n (%) | 12 (10.7) |
Depressive symptoms (yes), n (%) | 23 (22.3) * |
Anxiety symptoms (yes), n (%) | 22 (21.4) * |
Variables | Models | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressive Symptoms | Anxiety Symptoms | |||||
IRR | SE | p-Value | IRR | SE | p-Value | |
Sociodemographic and individual characteristics | ||||||
Gender | ||||||
Male (ref.) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Female | 1.0560 | 0.1050 | 0.5820 | 0.9800 | 0.0990 | 0.8410 |
Other | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.9940 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.9840 |
Age | 0.9820 | 0.0050 | 0.0010 | 0.9790 | 0.0060 | 0.0000 |
Resilience | 0.0000 | 0.0540 | 0.9870 | 0.2270 | 0.2370 | 0.1570 |
Self-esteem | 1.0570 | 0.0110 | 0.0000 | 1.0140 | 0.0110 | 0.1970 |
Migration | ||||||
Residence permit | ||||||
No (ref.) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 0.9830 | 0.1130 | 0.8790 | 1.1680 | 0.1390 | 0.1930 |
Country of birth | ||||||
Non-EU citizens (ref.) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
EU citizens | 1.6880 | 0.3320 | 0.0080 | 1.6550 | 0.3420 | 0.0150 |
Basic needs | ||||||
Employment | ||||||
Yes (ref.) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
No | 1.0380 | 0.0980 | 0.6940 | 1.3840 | 0.1400 | 0.0010 |
Housing | ||||||
Owned (ref.) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Rented housing | 1.4890 | 0.2790 | 0.0340 | 0.9010 | 0.1500 | 0.5280 |
Other | 1.7830 | 0.3760 | 0.0060 | 0.9230 | 0.1840 | 0.6880 |
Social environment | ||||||
Social support | 0.9280 | 0.0210 | 0.0010 | 0.9930 | 0.0230 | 0.7780 |
COVID-related perceived stress | 0.0030 | 1.3760 | 0.9890 | 0.4670 | 0.2200 | 0.1060 |
Discrimination | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.9870 | 0.0240 | 0.0510 | 0.0800 |
Perceived health | ||||||
Quality of life | 0.8760 | 0.2230 | 0.6040 | 0.5030 | 0.1290 | 0.0070 |
NCDs diagnosis | ||||||
No (ref.) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1.0750 | 0.1040 | 0.4580 | 0.9720 | 0.0970 | 0.7770 |
Previous mental health problems | ||||||
No (ref.) | - | - | - | - | - | - |
Yes | 1.2980 | 0.1450 | 0.0190 | 0.9760 | 0.1120 | 0.8350 |
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Bayes-Marin, I.; Roura-Adserias, M.; Giné-Vázquez, I.; Villalobos, F.; Franch-Roca, M.; Lloret-Pineda, A.; Gabarrell-Pascuet, A.; He, Y.; Hafi, R.E.; Butt, F.M.A.; et al. Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Migrant Population in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315646
Bayes-Marin I, Roura-Adserias M, Giné-Vázquez I, Villalobos F, Franch-Roca M, Lloret-Pineda A, Gabarrell-Pascuet A, He Y, Hafi RE, Butt FMA, et al. Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Migrant Population in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):15646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315646
Chicago/Turabian StyleBayes-Marin, Ivet, Maria Roura-Adserias, Iago Giné-Vázquez, Felipe Villalobos, Marta Franch-Roca, Amanda Lloret-Pineda, Aina Gabarrell-Pascuet, Yuelu He, Rachid El Hafi, Fajar Matloob Ahmed Butt, and et al. 2022. "Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Migrant Population in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 15646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315646
APA StyleBayes-Marin, I., Roura-Adserias, M., Giné-Vázquez, I., Villalobos, F., Franch-Roca, M., Lloret-Pineda, A., Gabarrell-Pascuet, A., He, Y., Hafi, R. E., Butt, F. M. A., Mellor-Marsá, B., Alós, M. C., Sainz-Elías, H., Ayad-Ahmed, W., Aparicio, L., Cabeza, M. E., Bobo, Ó. Á., López, Y. O., Haro, J. M., & Cristóbal-Narváez, P. (2022). Factors Associated with Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Migrant Population in Spain during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15646. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315646