Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Control of the Composting Process of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: A Pilot-Scale Experience
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Municipal Waste, Structural Material and Irrigation Water
2.2. Facilities Used for Composting
2.2.1. Automatic Reactor
2.2.2. Aerated Static Piles
2.2.3. Turned Piles
2.2.4. Operational Conditions
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Analytical Methodology
2.4.1. Physico-Chemical Parameters
2.4.2. Microbiological Parameters
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Initial Characteristics of OFMSW, SM and Irrigation Water
3.2. Evolution of Compost Characteristics during Composting Process
3.2.1. Physico-Chemical Properties
- (a)
- Automatic reactor
- (b)
- Aerated static pile
- (c)
- Turned pile
3.2.2. Microbiological Characteristics
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Facility | Relation OFMSW: SM (v/v) | Initial Volume OFMSW (m3) | Initial Volume SM (m3) | Initial Mixing Volume (m3) | Starting Month | End Month |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Automatic reactor | 1:2 | 0.07 | 0.15 | 0.25 | May | September |
Aerated static pile | 2.20 | 4.60 | 6.80 | |||
Turned pile | 2.20 | 4.60 | 6.80 | |||
Automatic reactor | 1:1 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.24 | ||
Aerated static pile | 3.40 | 3.40 | 6.80 | |||
Turned pile | 3.40 | 3.40 | 6.80 |
Parameter | Equipment | Standard Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
pH | Multiparametric meter Orion Star A3295 | 4500H+-B | [16] |
Humidity (%) | Balance, heater | UNE-EN ISO 11465:2011 | [17] |
Total solids (%) | Balance, heater | ||
Volatile fraction (%) | Balance, muffle | 2540G | [16] |
Organic matter (% d.m.) | Carbon analyzer | 5310B | |
Nitrogen (% d.m.) | Kjeldahl equipment | 4500-N | |
Phosphorus (% d.m.) | Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) | 4500-P | |
Cadmium, copper, nickel, lead, zinc, mercury, chromium (mg kg−1) | Inductively Coupled Plasma and Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) | 3120B |
Bacteria | Culture Media | Standard Method | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Total coliforms | Chromogenic Coliform Agar (CCA) | ISO 9308-1 | [21] |
9215B-C-D | [16] | ||
Escherichia coli | Chromogenic Coliform Agar (CCA) | ISO 9308-1 | [21] |
Glucuronic Agar tryptone and bile (TBX) | 9215B-C-D 9222D | [16] | |
Enterococcus sp. | Slanetx and Bartley Agar | ISO 7899-2 | [22] |
9215B-C-D | [16] | ||
Clostridium perfringens | SPS Agar | ISO 6461-2 | [23] |
Salmonella sp. | XLD Agar Chromogenic Agar Salmonella Latex test | ISO 6579-1 | [24] |
Total mesophiles | Nutritive Agar | 9215B | [16] |
Parameter | OFMSW | SM |
---|---|---|
pH | 7.2 ± 0.1 | 7.8 ± 0.2 |
Humidity (%) | 61.4 ± 2.5 | 31.6 ± 1.9 |
Total solids (%) | 38.6 ± 1.4 | 68.4 ± 1.9 |
Volatile fraction (%) | 76.4 ± 2.2 | 66.7 ± 2.1 |
Organic matter (% d.m.) | 74.9 ± 0.9 | 72.6 ± 0.2 |
Nitrogen (% d.m.) | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 1.2 ± 0.2 |
Phosphorus (% d.m.) | 0.49 ± 0.05 | 0.24 ± 0.09 |
Cadmium (mg kg−1) | <0.4 ± 0.1 | <0.4 ± 0.1 |
Copper (mg kg−1) | 98 ± 2 | 50 ± 1 |
Nickel (mg kg−1) | 28 ± 1 | 39 ± 1 |
Lead (mg kg−1) | 29 ± 1 | 18 ± 1 |
Zinc (mg kg−1) | 116 ± 3 | 108 ± 2 |
Mercury(mg kg−1) | <0.4 ± 0.1 | <0.4 ± 0.1 |
Chromium (mg kg−1) | 40 ± 2 | 59 ± 3 |
Bacteria | OFMSW (CFU g−1) | SM (CFU g−1) |
---|---|---|
Total coliforms | 9.70 ± 5.30 × 107 | 1.24 ± 1.23 × 107 |
Escherichia coli | 7.75 ± 5.25 × 107 | 2.04 ± 1.10 × 104 |
Enterococcus sp. | 3.70 ± 2.60 × 108 | 3.20 ± 0.70 × 103 |
Clostridium perfringens | 3.25 ± 1.75 × 104 | 1.45 ± 0.25 × 102 |
Total mesophiles | 1.85 ± 1.16 × 109 | 4.50 ± 0.70 × 107 |
Salmonella sp. | Not detected | Not detected |
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Miguel, N.; López, A.; Jojoa-Sierra, S.D.; Fernández, J.; Gómez, J.; Ormad, M.P. Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Control of the Composting Process of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: A Pilot-Scale Experience. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 15449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315449
Miguel N, López A, Jojoa-Sierra SD, Fernández J, Gómez J, Ormad MP. Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Control of the Composting Process of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: A Pilot-Scale Experience. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(23):15449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315449
Chicago/Turabian StyleMiguel, Natividad, Andrea López, Sindy D. Jojoa-Sierra, Julen Fernández, Jairo Gómez, and María P. Ormad. 2022. "Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Control of the Composting Process of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste: A Pilot-Scale Experience" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 23: 15449. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315449