Effects of a Walking Exercise-Focused Health Promotion Program for Middle-Aged Women in the Korean Community
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conceptual Framework
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Study Design
3.2. Ethical Considerations
3.3. Study Sample
3.4. Data Collection
3.5. Research Progress
3.5.1. Pretesting
3.5.2. Treatment: Walking Exercise-Focused Health Promotion Program (WEFHPP)
3.5.3. Post-Testing
3.6. Instruments
3.6.1. Physical Activity Level
3.6.2. Health-Promoting Lifestyle
3.6.3. Physiological Indicators
3.6.4. Perceived Stress
3.7. Data Analyses
4. Results
4.1. Homogeneity Test
4.2. Hypothesis Testing: Differences between Groups
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Session | Health Information | Health Motivation | Behavioral Skills | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 † |
| |||
| SGD | Continuous group support Pedometer monitoring Goal setting/ exercise log | Regular walking exercise (Correct walking for at least 30 min, 3 days a week) | |
2 |
| IPC | ||
3 |
| |||
4 |
| |||
5 |
| |||
6† |
| SGD, IPC | ||
7 |
| |||
8 |
| |||
9 |
| SGD | ||
10 † |
|
Variables | Categories | Exp. (n = 22) | Cont. (n = 22) | χ2, t, or Z | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) or Mean ± SD | |||||
Demographic characteristics | |||||
Age (Range: 40–58) | 48.05 ± 5.19 | 45.91 ± 5.20 | 8.200 | 0.916 | |
Marital status | Married | 18 (81.8) | 21 (95.5) | 2.031 | 0.172 |
Unmarried | 4 (18.2) | 1 (4.5) | |||
Monthly income (KRW 10,000 = USD 7.86) | <300 | 12 (54.5) | 12 (54.5) | 0.000 | 0.619 |
≥300 | 10 (45.5) | 10 (45.5) | |||
Occupation | Office workers | 4 (18.2) | 2 (9.1) | 2.696 | 0.610 |
Service workers | 10 (45.5) | 7 (31.8) | |||
Self-employed | 2 (4.5) | 2 (4.5) | |||
Housewives | 6 (27.3) | 11 (50.0) | |||
Outcome variables | |||||
Physical activity level (MET∙min) | Total score | 887.24 ± 627.73 | 627.73 ± 588.34 | −1.094 | 0.294 |
Vigorous activity | 160.00 ± 308.40 | 61.82 ± 212.28 | −1.282 | 0.200 | |
Moderate activity | 50.91 ± 86.57 | 130.91 ± 311.36 | −0.660 | 0.509 | |
Walking activity | 762.00 ± 1114.48 | 426.00 ± 483.36 | −0.584 | 0.559 | |
Health-promoting lifestyle | Total score | 114.19 ± 16.59 | 116.41 ± 16.95 | −0.441 | 0.662 |
Health responsibility | 17.46 ± 4.35 | 17.46 ± 3.71 | 0.000 | 1.000 | |
Physical activity | 14.00 ± 4.45 | 13.09 ± 2.67 | −0.567 | 0.571 | |
Nutrition | 22.19 ± 3.20 | 21.86 ± 4.28 | −0.498 | 0.619 | |
Spiritual growth | 21.72 ± 4.20 | 22.54 ± 4.22 | −0.645 | 0.523 | |
Interpersonal relations | 21.14 ± 2.82 | 22.41 ± 4.03 | −1.214 | 0.232 | |
Stress management | 17.68 ± 3.67 | 19.05 ± 3.86 | −1.201 | 0.237 | |
Physiological indicators | Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.43 ± 2.32 | 21.57 ± 2.32 | 1.233 | 0.225 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 76.68 ± 6.83 | 74.91 ± 7.46 | 0.822 | 0.416 | |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 117.18 ± 11.77 | 117.45 ± 10.57 | −0.081 | 0.936 | |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 76.36 ± 8.18 | 76.55 ± 10.37 | −0.343 | 0.732 | |
Perceived stress | 29.13 ± 4.06 | 27.59 ± 3.56 | 1.343 | 0.187 |
Variables | Exp. (n = 22) | Cont. (n = 22) | t or Z | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | |||||
Physical activity level (MET∙min) | |||||
Total score | Pretest | 887.24 ± 725.80 † | 627.73 ± 588.34 | −2.065 | 0.039 |
Post-test | 1606.27 ± 1124.14 | 853.16 ± 639.97 | |||
Difference | 795.52 ± 1157.19 | 225.43 ± 585.96 | |||
Vigorous activity | Pretest | 160.00 ± 308.40 | 61.82 ± 212.28 | −1.508 | 0.132 |
Post-test | 478.00 ± 642.16 | 160.00 ± 320.00 | |||
Difference | 302.00 ± 533.58 | 98.18 ± 401.09 | |||
Moderate activity | Pretest | 50.91 ± 86.57 | 130.91 ± 311.36 | −1.922 | 0.055 |
Post-test | 209.52 ± 239.97 | 150.91 ± 323.77 | |||
Difference | 156.19 ± 217.22 | 20.00 ± 434.82 | |||
Walking activity | Pretest | 762.00 ± 1114.48 | 426.00 ± 483.36 | −0.657 | 0.511 |
Post-test | 979.71 ± 776.82 | 537.71 ± 403.99 | |||
Difference | 181.43 ± 826.73 | 111.71 ± 411.11 | |||
Health-promoting lifestyle | |||||
Total score | Pretest | 114.19 ± 16.59 | 116.41 ± 16.95 | 3.344 | 0.002 |
Post-test | 134.91 ± 18.10 | 120.72 ± 17.69 | |||
Difference | 20.73 ± 18.94 | 4.32 ± 13.08 | |||
Health responsibility | Pretest | 17.46 ± 4.35 | 17.46 ± 3.71 | 1.836 | 0.073 |
Post-test | 20.68 ± 4.41 | 18.18 ± 4.15 | |||
Difference | 3.23 ± 5.06 | 0.73 ± 3.89 | |||
Physical activity | Pretest | 14.00 ± 4.45 | 13.09 ± 2.67 | −3.601 | <0.001 |
Post-test | 20.00 ± 4.09 | 13.77 ± 3.70 | |||
Difference | 6.00 ± 4.67 | 0.68 ± 3.68 | |||
Nutrition | Pretest | 22.19 ± 3.20 | 21.86 ± 4.28 | −2.758 | 0.006 |
Post-test | 26.00 ± 2.83 | 23.00 ± 4.81 | |||
Difference | 3.82 ± 3.02 | 1.14 ± 2.83 | |||
Spiritual growth | Pretest | 21.72 ± 4.20 | 22.54 ± 4.22 | 1.493 | 0.143 |
Post-test | 23.95 ± 4.76 | 23.27 ± 3.58 | |||
Difference | 2.23 ± 3.68 | 0.73 ± 2.95 | |||
Interpersonal relations | Pretest | 21.14 ± 2.82 | 22.41 ± 4.03 | 1.743 | 0.089 |
Post-test | 23.59 ± 3.10 | 23.14 ± 3.99 | |||
Difference | 2.46 ± 3.31 | 0.73 ± 3.27 | |||
Stress management | Pretest | 17.68 ± 3.67 | 19.05 ± 3.86 | 2.623 | 0.012 |
Post-test | 20.68 ± 3.05 | 19.36 ± 3.71 | |||
Difference | 3.00 ± 3.92 | 0.32 ± 2.77 | |||
Physiological indicators | |||||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | Pretest | 22.43 ± 2.32 | 21.57 ± 2.32 | −1.783 | 0.082 |
Post-test | 22.12 ± 2.27 | 21.55 ± 2.06 | |||
Difference | −0.32 ± 0.55 | −0.02 ± 0.55 | |||
Waist circumference (cm) | Pretest | 76.68 ± 6.83 | 74.91 ± 7.46 | −4.328 | <0.001 |
Post-test | 74.59 ± 6.45 | 74.91 ± 7.32 | |||
Difference | −2.10 ± 1.77 | 0.00 ± 1.41 | |||
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Pretest | 117.18 ± 11.77 | 117.45 ± 10.57 | −0.757 | 0.453 |
Post-test | 113.45 ± 8.47 | 115.82 ± 11.94 | |||
Difference | −3.73 ± 9.75 | −1.64 ± 8.54 | |||
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Pretest | 76.36 ± 8.18 | 76.55 ± 10.37 | −0.875 | 0.382 |
Post-test | 76.86 ± 7.27 | 74.64 ± 9.29 | |||
Difference | 0.50 ± 7.25 | −1.91 ± 8.38 | |||
Perceived stress | |||||
Pretest | 29.13 ± 4.06 | 27.59 ± 3.56 | −3.578 | <0.001 | |
Post-test | 23.09 ± 2.02 | 25.46 ± 3.25 | |||
Difference | −6.05 ± 4.56 | −2.14 ± 2.34 |
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Yang, S.; Kim, H. Effects of a Walking Exercise-Focused Health Promotion Program for Middle-Aged Women in the Korean Community. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214947
Yang S, Kim H. Effects of a Walking Exercise-Focused Health Promotion Program for Middle-Aged Women in the Korean Community. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):14947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214947
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Soojeong, and Hyunlye Kim. 2022. "Effects of a Walking Exercise-Focused Health Promotion Program for Middle-Aged Women in the Korean Community" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 14947. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214947