COVID-19 in Pregnancy: Knowledge about the Vaccine and the Effect of the Virus. Reliability and Results of the MAMA-19 Questionnaire
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting
2.2. Development and Validation of the Tool
2.3. Cross-Sectional Pilot Study
2.4. Sample Size and Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethical Issues
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Sample
3.2. Reliability and Descriptive Analysis
3.3. Prevalence Results of Pilot Study
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
University degree | Yes | 35 | 56.5 |
No | 27 | 43.5 | |
Italian nationality | Yes | 57 | 92.0 |
No | 5 | 8.0 | |
Employed | Yes | 55 | 88.7 |
No | 7 | 11.3 | |
Employed partner | Yes | 61 | 98.4 |
No | 1 | 1.6 | |
First child | Yes | 39 | 62.9 |
No | 23 | 37.1 | |
Vaginal delivery | Yes | 41 | 66.1 |
No | 21 | 33.9 | |
Number of obstetric visits | ≤9 | 41 | 66.1 |
>9 | 21 | 33.9 | |
Gestational age (weeks) | ≥37 | 60 | 96.8 |
<37 | 2 | 3.2 | |
Age group (in years) | ≥34 | 32 | 51.6 |
<34 | 30 | 48.4 |
Section | Item | Cronbach’s Alpha If Item Deleted |
---|---|---|
S2 | Pregnant women who get COVID-19 vaccine risk having | |
S2.1A Neonatal malformations | 0.880 | |
S2.1B Premature delivery | 0.822 | |
S2.1C Intra-uterine growth restriction (IUGR) | 0.883 | |
Total Alpha | 0.860 | |
S2.2 Pregnant women not vaccinated against COVID-19 have the same complications, in case of a positive test result, as vaccinated pregnant women * | 0.661 | |
S2.3 COVID-19 vaccine reduces mortality * | 0.041 | |
S2.4 COVID-19 vaccine reduces risk of hospitalisation * | 0.192 | |
S2.5 COVID-19 vaccine reduces short-term infectiousness * | 0.190 | |
S2.6 COVID-19 vaccine reduces mortality during pregnancy * | 0.070 | |
Total Alpha | 0.317 | |
S3 | S3.0 Pregnant women have a higher risk of complications from COVID-19 infection than women who are not pregnant * | 0.748 |
S3.1 COVID-19 infection can be highly contagious * | 0.728 | |
S3.2 Being infected with COVID-19 may require hospitalisation * | 0.729 | |
S3.3 Possible post-COVID-19 consequences in the unvaccinated | ||
Excessive tiredness and exhaustion | 0.712 | |
Headaches | 0.705 | |
Attention and memory disorders | 0.718 | |
Abnormal hair loss | 0.705 | |
Wheezing and breathing difficulties | 0.721 | |
Cough | 0.708 | |
Loss of sense of smell and taste | 0.698 | |
Joint pain | 0.703 | |
Abnormal sweating | 0.703 | |
Chest pain | 0.684 | |
Excessive fatigue after physical exertion | 0.718 | |
Nausea and vomiting | 0.692 | |
Memory loss | 0.708 | |
Total Alpha | 0.725 | |
S4 | S4.2 | 0.140 |
S4.4A | 0.230 | |
S4.4B | 0.070 | |
Total Alpha | 0.228 |
Questions Section S2 | T0 | T1 | K | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
S2.1 Pregnant women who get COVID-19 vaccine risk having | ||||||
S2.1A Neonatal malformations | Strongly disagree | 41 | 66.1 | 41 | 66.1 | 0.720 |
Disagree | 10 | 16.1 | 10 | 16.1 | ||
Neutral | 8 | 12.9 | 8 | 12.9 | ||
Agree | 1 | 1.6 | 1 | 1.6 | ||
Strongly agree | 2 | 3.2 | 2 | 3.2 | ||
S2.1B Preterm birth | Strongly disagree | 38 | 61.3 | 35 | 56.5 | n.c. |
Disagree | 14 | 22.6 | 17 | 27.4 | ||
Neutral | 5 | 8.1 | 6 | 9.7 | ||
Agree | 2 | 3.2 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Strongly agree | 3 | 4.8 | 4 | 6.5 | ||
S2.1C IUGR | Strongly disagree | 40 | 64.5 | 41 | 66.1 | 0.813 |
Disagree | 14 | 22.6 | 14 | 22.6 | ||
Neutral | 4 | 6.5 | 3 | 4.8 | ||
Agree | 1 | 1.6 | 1 | 1.6 | ||
Strongly agree | 3 | 4.8 | 3 | 4.8 | ||
S2.2 Pregnant women not vaccinated against COVID-19 have the same complications, in case of a positive test result, as vaccinated pregnant women a | Don’t know | 7 | 11.3 | 9 | 14.5 | 0.840 |
True | 20 | 32.3 | 23 | 37.1 | ||
False b | 35 | 56.5 | 30 | 48.4 | ||
S2.3 COVID-19 vaccine reduces mortality | False | 1 | 1.6 | 5 | 8.1 | 0.814 |
True b | 52 | 83.9 | 52 | 83.9 | ||
Don’t know | 9 | 14.5 | 5 | 8.1 | ||
S2.4 COVID-19 vaccine reduces risk of hospitalisation | False | 1 | 1.6 | 3 | 4.8 | 1.000 |
True b | 59 | 95.2 | 58 | 93.5 | ||
Don’t know | 2 | 3.2 | 1 | 1.6 | ||
S2.5 COVID-19 vaccine reduces short-term infectiousness | False | 21 | 33.9 | 17 | 27.4 | 0.805 |
True b | 34 | 54.8 | 37 | 59.7 | ||
Don’t know | 7 | 11.3 | 8 | 12.9 | ||
S2.6 COVID-19 vaccine reduces mortality during pregnancy | False | 3 | 4.8 | 4 | 6.5 | 0.690 |
True b | 42 | 67.7 | 43 | 69.4 | ||
Don’t know | 17 | 27.4 | 15 | 24.2 |
Questions Section S3 | T0 | T1 | K | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
S3.0 Pregnant women have a higher risk of complications from COVID-19 infection than women who are not pregnant a | Don’t know | 7 | 11.3 | 7 | 11.3 | 0.805 |
Same risk b | 11 | 17.7 | 11 | 17.7 | ||
True | 37 | 59.7 | 37 | 59.7 | ||
Partial true, only in certain cases | 7 | 11.3 | 7 | 11.3 | ||
S3.1 COVID-19 infection can be highly contagious | Yes | 61 | 98.4 | 62 | 100 | n.c. |
I don’t know | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 | ||
S3.2 Being infected with COVID-19 may require hospitalisation | Yes, in certain cases b | 60 | 96.8 | 62 | 100 | n.c. |
I don’t know | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 | ||
Yes, always | 1 | 1.6 | 0 | 0 | ||
S3.3 Possible post-COVID-19 consequences in the unvaccinated | ||||||
Excessive tiredness and fatigue c | 50 | 80.6 | 51 | 82.3 | 0.627 | |
Headache c | 31 | 50.0 | 31 | 50.0 | 0.807 | |
Attention and memory disorders c | 13 | 21.0 | 14 | 22.6 | 0.858 | |
Abnormal hair loss c | 7 | 11.3 | 8 | 12.9 | 0.924 | |
Shortness of breath and breathing difficulties c | 55 | 88.7 | 56 | 90.3 | 0.742 | |
Cough c | 43 | 69.4 | 44 | 71.0 | 0.884 | |
Anosmia and ageusia c | 43 | 69.4 | 43 | 69.4 | 0.772 | |
Joint pain c | 33 | 53.2 | 36 | 58.1 | 0.772 | |
Abnormal sweating c | 8 | 12.9 | 8 | 12.9 | 0.713 | |
Chest pain c | 27 | 43.5 | 25 | 40.3 | 0.735 | |
Excessive fatigue after physical activity c | 42 | 67.7 | 48 | 77.4 | 0.519 | |
Nausea and vomit c | 13 | 21.0 | 10 | 16.1 | 0.628 | |
Memory loss c | 7 | 11.3 | 7 | 11.3 | 0.840 |
Questions Section S4 | T0 | T1 | K | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
S4.1 I received information on the effects of COVID-19 disease during pregnancy from: f | ||||||
Health personnel a | 51 | 82.3 | 55 | 88.7 | 0.742 * | |
No health personnel b | 7 | 11.3 | 7 | 11.3 | 0.678 * | |
Myself c | 30 | 48.4 | 27 | 43.5 | 0708 * | |
S4.2 I have used institutional media to get information about COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy. | Yes | 47 | 75.8 | 48 | 77.4 | 0.775 * |
No | 15 | 24.2 | 14 | 22.6 | ||
S4.3 Institutional media used to obtain information on COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy: f | ||||||
Internet | 42 | 68.9 | 42 | 68.9 | 0.924 * | |
TV | 24 | 39.3 | 27 | 44.3 | 0.698 * | |
Newspapers | 10 | 16.4 | 12 | 19.7 | 0.889 * | |
Journals/periodicals | 2 | 3.3 | 4 | 6.6 | 0.651 * | |
Radio | 4 | 6.6 | 3 | 4.9 | 0.849 * | |
Green number | 2 | 3.2 | 3 | 4.8 | 0.792 * | |
S4.4A I have approached professionals for information about COVID-19 vaccination during pregnancy | Yes | 59 | 95.2 | 60 | 96.8 | 0.792 * |
No | 3 | 4.8 | 2 | 3.2 | ||
S4.4B I have approached professionals for information about COVID-19 disease during pregnancy | Yes | 51 | 92.7 | 52 | 91.2 | 0.943 * |
No | 4 | 7.3 | 5 | 8.8 | ||
S4.5 Which professionals did you turn to? f | ||||||
General practitioner | 36 | 58.1 | 34 | 54.8 | 0.800 * | |
Gynaecologist | 54 | 87.1 | 54 | 87.1 | 0.999 * | |
Midwife | 9 | 14.5 | 8 | 12.9 | 0.932 * | |
Nurse | 6 | 9.7 | 4 | 6.5 | 0.783 * | |
Pharmacist | 3 | 4.8 | 4 | 6.5 | 0.849 * | |
ASL d | 3 | 4.8 | 4 | 6.5 | 0.849 * | |
Childbirth preparation course | 11 | 17.7 | 9 | 14.5 | 0.881 * | |
Vaccination centre | 9 | 14.5 | 9 | 14.5 | 0.740 * | |
S4.6 Sufficiently satisfied with communication with professionals: e,f | ||||||
General practitioner | 29 | 83.8 | 31 | 91.4 | 0.719 * | |
Gynaecologist | 49 | 90.7 | 51 | 92.7 | 0.879 * | |
Midwife | 9 | 90 | 9 | 90 | 0.999 | |
Nurse | 6 | 100 | 4 | 100 | n.c. | |
Pharmacist | 2 | 100 | 4 | 100 | n.c. | |
ASL d | 4 | 100 | 4 | 80 | n.c. | |
Childbirth preparation course | 9 | 90 | 8 | 88.9 | 0.999 | |
Vaccination centre | 8 | 88.9 | 9 | 100 | n.c. | |
S4.7 I have received agreed information on vaccination (if you have consulted more than one health professional) | ||||||
Agreement | 32 | 68.1 | 32 | 69.6 | 0.998 * | |
Disagreement | 15 | 31.9 | 14 | 30.4 |
Questions Section S5 | T0 | T1 | K | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |||
S5.1 Have you been vaccinated (two or more doses) for COVID-19? | Yes | 41 | 66.1 | 41 | 66.1 | 0.970 |
I am waiting | 14 | 22.6 | 13 | 21 | ||
No | 7 | 11.3 | 8 | 12.9 | ||
S5.2 If yes, when did you have your first dose? | Before pregnancy | 8 | 19 | 8 | 19 | 0.957 |
I trimester | 8 | 19 | 9 | 21.4 | ||
II and III trimester | 26 | 61.9 | 25 | 59.5 | ||
S5.3 If no, what is the reason for not being vaccinated? | Poor knowledge | 4 | 22.2 | 2 | 11.8 | 0.620 |
Fear | 8 | 44.4 | 9 | 52.9 | ||
Previous COVID-19 | 1 | 5.6 | 0 | 0 | ||
Healthcare provider does not recommend it | 5 | 27.8 | 6 | 35.3 | ||
S5.4 If you are waiting, what is the reason for the delay in vaccination? | After the end of breastfeeding | 5 | 33.3 | 6 | 33.3 | 0.899 |
I am not convinced about the effectiveness of the vaccine | 2 | 13.3 | 3 | 16.7 | ||
I did not know about possibility to get the vaccine during the pregnancy | 1 | 6.7 | 1 | 5.6 | ||
Waiting for the term of pregnancy | 7 | 46.7 | 6 | 33.3 | ||
Previous COVID-19 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11.1 |
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Mannocci, A.; Scaglione, C.; Casella, G.; Lanzone, A.; La Torre, G. COVID-19 in Pregnancy: Knowledge about the Vaccine and the Effect of the Virus. Reliability and Results of the MAMA-19 Questionnaire. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214886
Mannocci A, Scaglione C, Casella G, Lanzone A, La Torre G. COVID-19 in Pregnancy: Knowledge about the Vaccine and the Effect of the Virus. Reliability and Results of the MAMA-19 Questionnaire. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(22):14886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214886
Chicago/Turabian StyleMannocci, Alice, Claudia Scaglione, Giovanna Casella, Antonio Lanzone, and Giuseppe La Torre. 2022. "COVID-19 in Pregnancy: Knowledge about the Vaccine and the Effect of the Virus. Reliability and Results of the MAMA-19 Questionnaire" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22: 14886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214886
APA StyleMannocci, A., Scaglione, C., Casella, G., Lanzone, A., & La Torre, G. (2022). COVID-19 in Pregnancy: Knowledge about the Vaccine and the Effect of the Virus. Reliability and Results of the MAMA-19 Questionnaire. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22), 14886. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214886