Physical Fitness Differences, Amenable to Hypoxia-Driven and Sarcopenia Pathophysiology, between Sleep Apnea and COVID-19
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Study Ethics
2.4. Measurements
2.5. Physical Fitness Tests
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Hypoxia and Reduced Strength in COVID-19 Survivors and OSAS Patients
4.2. Reduced Handgrip Strength as a Consequence of Loss of Muscle Mass
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Post-COVID-19 | OSAS | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Age, yrs | 51.7 ± 6.5 | 48.3 ± 9.5 | 0.072 |
Gender, F/M | 7/33 | 7/33 | - |
Body mass, kg | 90.2 ± 13.0 | 101.9 ± 19.9 | 0.002 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.7 ± 4.3 | 33.2 ± 6.3 | 0.005 |
Body surface area, m2 | 2.2 ± 0.4 | 2.5 ± 0.5 | 0.004 |
Body fat, % | 30.3 ± 9.0 | 34.0 ± 9.1 | 0.069 |
Muscle mass, kg | 31.5 ± 4.6 | 30.1 ± 4.7 | 0.155 |
Visceral fat, score | 12.5 ± 3.7 | 15.0 ± 5.6 | 0.024 |
Lean body mass, kg | 64.1 ± 6.5 | 69.1 ± 9.1 | 0.006 |
Total body water, % | 48.2 ± 9.1 | 46.9 ± 8.8 | 0.529 |
Neck circumference, cm | 40.9 ± 9.3 | 41.1 ± 4.2 | 0.914 |
Waist–hip ratio | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | 0.416 |
Δchest | 6.6 ± 3.0 | 6.3 ± 1.7 | 0.676 |
Post-COVID-19 | OSAS | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Distance, m | 525.6 ± 120.6 | 449.7 ± 61.0 | 0.001 |
Distance, % of predicted | 88.0 ± 18.6 | 76.5 ± 12.9 | 0.002 |
Estimated VO2peak, ml/min/kg | 17.0 ± 2.8 | 15.3 ± 1.4 | 0.001 |
Metabolic equivalent | 4.9 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 0.001 |
Leg Fatigue, Borg scale | |||
Baseline | 0.4 ± 0.8 | 0.8 ± 0.9 | 0.085 |
End of 6MWT | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 1.3 ± 1.2 | 0.928 |
Dyspnea, Borg scale | |||
Baseline | 0.5 ± 0.9 | 0.9 ± 1.1 | 0.108 |
End of 6MWT | 1.6 ± 1.7 | 1.4 ± 1.3 | 0.607 |
95% C.I.for EXP(B) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | S.E. | Wald | df | Sig. | Exp(B) | Lower | Upper | |
Handgrip, kg | −0.135 | 0.039 | 12.114 | 1 | 0.001 | 0.874 | 0.810 | 0.943 |
Body fat, % | −0.077 | 0.034 | 5.001 | 1 | 0.025 | 0.926 | 0.866 | 0.991 |
METs | 2.496 | 0.640 | 15.205 | 1 | 0.000 | 12.135 | 3.461 | 45.552 |
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Stavrou, V.T.; Vavougios, G.D.; Boutlas, S.; Tourlakopoulos, K.N.; Papayianni, E.; Astara, K.; Stavrou, I.T.; Daniil, Z.; Gourgoulianis, K.I. Physical Fitness Differences, Amenable to Hypoxia-Driven and Sarcopenia Pathophysiology, between Sleep Apnea and COVID-19. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020669
Stavrou VT, Vavougios GD, Boutlas S, Tourlakopoulos KN, Papayianni E, Astara K, Stavrou IT, Daniil Z, Gourgoulianis KI. Physical Fitness Differences, Amenable to Hypoxia-Driven and Sarcopenia Pathophysiology, between Sleep Apnea and COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(2):669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020669
Chicago/Turabian StyleStavrou, Vasileios T., George D. Vavougios, Stylianos Boutlas, Konstantinos N. Tourlakopoulos, Eirini Papayianni, Kyriaki Astara, Ilias T. Stavrou, Zoe Daniil, and Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis. 2022. "Physical Fitness Differences, Amenable to Hypoxia-Driven and Sarcopenia Pathophysiology, between Sleep Apnea and COVID-19" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 2: 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19020669