Changes in Collective Efficacy’s Preventive Effect on Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Association between Collective Efficacy and the Incidence of IPV
1.2. Association between Changes in Collective Efficacy and Changes in IPV
1.3. Purpose of the Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Univariate LGM
3.2. Parallel LGM
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Pre-Pandemic Collective Efficacy on Changes in IPV
4.2. Relationship between Changes in Collective Efficacy and IPV
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | SD | α | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | IPV-T1 | 1.25 | 0.45 | 0.90 | |||||||||||
2 | IPV-T2 | 1.32 | 0.60 | 0.95 | 0.45 ** | ||||||||||
3 | IPV-T3 | 1.26 | 0.48 | 0.92 | 0.38 ** | 0.42 ** | |||||||||
4 | IPV-T4 | 1.22 | 0.47 | 0.94 | 0.32 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.33 ** | ||||||||
5 | Informal social control-T1 | 2.78 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.07 | −0.08 | −0.14 * | −0.14 | |||||||
6 | Informal social control-T2 | 2.62 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.09 | 0.15 * | 0.16 * | 0.14 * | 0.43 ** | ||||||
7 | Informal social control-T3 | 2.49 | 0.98 | 0.91 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.07 | −0.08 | 0.33 ** | 0.43 ** | |||||
8 | Informal social control-T4 | 2.53 | 0.94 | 0.89 | −0.02 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.33 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.43 ** | ||||
9 | Social cohesion and trust-T1 | 2.56 | 0.91 | 0.94 | 0.12 * | 0.02 | −0.08 | −0.04 | 0.45 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.33 ** | |||
10 | Social cohesion and trust-T2 | 2.64 | 0.91 | 0.95 | 0.11 | 0.16 ** | 0.15 * | 0.14 * | 0.36 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.56 ** | ||
11 | Social cohesion and trust-T3 | 2.47 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.08 | −0.04 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.24 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.47 ** | 0.52 ** | |
12 | Social cohesion and trust-T4 | 2.50 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 0.02 | 0.09 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.35 ** | 0.45 ** | 0.35 ** | 0.48 ** | 0.53 ** | 0.64 ** | 0.63 ** |
Intercept | SE | p | Slope | SE | p | Correlation between intercept and slope | p | χ2 | df | p | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IPV | 1.28 | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.87 | −0.38 | 0.02 | 11.74 | 5.00 | 0.04 | 0.96 | 0.95 | 0.07 | 0.04 |
Informal social control | 2.75 | 0.05 | 0.00 | −0.08 | 0.02 | 0.00 | −0.25 | 0.22 | 8.12 | 5.00 | 0.15 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.04 | 0.05 |
Social cohesion and trust | 2.59 | 0.05 | 0.00 | −0.02 | 0.02 | 0.24 | −0.17 | 0.27 | 7.00 | 5.00 | 0.22 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.04 | 0.02 |
Estimates | SE | p | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1. Model for informal social control and IPV | |||||||
Intercept | IPV | → | Slope | Informal social control | −0.07 | 0.07 | 0.30 |
Informal social control | → | IPV | −0.05 | 0.02 | 0.03 | ||
Intercept | IPV | ↔ | Intercept | Informal social control | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
Intercept | IPV | ↔ | Slope | IPV | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.24 |
Informal social control | ↔ | Informal social control | −0.03 | 0.03 | 0.30 | ||
Slope | IPV | ↔ | Slope | Informal social control | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Model 2. Model for Social cohesion and trust and IPV | |||||||
Intercept | IPV | → | Slope | Social cohesion and trust | −0.13 | 0.06 | 0.04 |
Social cohesion and trust | → | IPV | −0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ||
Intercept | IPV | ↔ | Intercept | Social cohesion and trust | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Intercept | IPV | ↔ | Slope | IPV | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.29 |
Social cohesion and trust | ↔ | Social cohesion and trust | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.52 | ||
Slope | IPV | ↔ | Slope | Social cohesion and trust | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.01 |
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Souma, T.; Komura, K.; Arai, T.; Shimada, T.; Kanemasa, Y. Changes in Collective Efficacy’s Preventive Effect on Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912849
Souma T, Komura K, Arai T, Shimada T, Kanemasa Y. Changes in Collective Efficacy’s Preventive Effect on Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912849
Chicago/Turabian StyleSouma, Toshihiko, Kentaro Komura, Takashi Arai, Takahito Shimada, and Yuji Kanemasa. 2022. "Changes in Collective Efficacy’s Preventive Effect on Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12849. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912849