Study on the Impact of Government Health Expenditure Equity on Residents’ Health Level in the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle of China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Object
2.2. Measurement of Government Health Expenditure Equity—Thiel Index
2.3. Measurement of Residents’ Health Level—Principal Component Analysis
2.4. Research Hypothesis
2.5. Model Setting and Variable Description
3. Results
3.1. Measurement of the Equity of Government Health Expenditure
3.2. Measurement of Health Level of Residents
3.3. Empirical Research Results and Hypothesis Verification
3.3.1. Analysis of regression results of dynamic panel data
3.3.2. Stability Test: Regression Analysis of Static Panel Data Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Definition | Reference | Data Sources |
---|---|---|---|
health | The health level of residents | Hsu et al. (2009) [35] | Author’s calculation |
theil | Equity of government health expenditure | Woldemichael et al. (2019) [36] | |
edu | Nominal education expenditure | The Lancet Public (2020) [19] | Chongqing statistical yearbook/ Sichuan statistical yearbook |
pdi | Personal disposable income | Marmot (2002) [37] | |
dep | Deposits of residents | Feng, Chen (2021) [38] | |
gdp | Nominal per capita GDP | Boyle et al. (2006) [39] |
Variable | Obs | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
health | 264 | 1.14 × 10−5 | 1.766 | −1.486 | 10.642 |
theil | 264 | −0.0319 | 0.377 | −0.758 | 2.879 |
edu | 264 | 32.0646 | 41.506 | 4.293 | 327.727 |
pdi | 264 | 3.49334 | 1.190 | 1.384 | 7.502 |
dep | 264 | 10.9319 | 19.500 | 1.137 | 171.214 |
gdp | 264 | 6.0122 | 2.919 | 2.093 | 22.959 |
Year | Theil Index of Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle | Theil Index of Chongqing Economic Circle | Theil Index of Chengdu Economic Circle |
---|---|---|---|
2015 | 0.0115 | 0.0066 | 0.0040 |
2016 | 0.0149 | 0.0088 | 0.0059 |
2017 | 0.0231 | 0.0084 | 0.0140 |
2018 | 0.0104 | 0.0060 | 0.0043 |
2019 | 0.0138 | 0.0072 | 0.0065 |
2020 | 0.0106 | 0.0054 | 0.0051 |
Year | Theil Index | Within-Regional Theil Index | Between-Regional Theil Index | Within-Regional Contribution Rate | Between-Regional Contribution Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 0.0115 | 0.0106 | 0.0009 | 91.97% | 8.03% |
2016 | 0.0149 | 0.0148 | 0.0001 | 99.20% | 0.80% |
2017 | 0.0231 | 0.0224 | 0.0007 | 97.11% | 2.89% |
2018 | 0.0104 | 0.0103 | 0.0001 | 99.20% | 0.80% |
2019 | 0.0138 | 0.0137 | 0.0001 | 99.48% | 0.52% |
2020 | 0.0106 | 0.0105 | 0.0001 | 99.28% | 0.72% |
Variable | One-Step System GMM | Two-Step System GMM | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | |
L.health | 0.320 *** | 0.347 *** | 0.327 ** | 0.254 ** | 0.301 ** | 0.419 *** | 0.515 *** | 0.500 *** | 0.325 *** | 0.374 *** |
(3.03) | (2.68) | (2.40) | (2.40) | (2.25) | (3.08) | (3.04) | (2.89) | (3.29) | (3.07) | |
theil | 1.091 *** | 1.061 *** | 0.973 *** | 0.924 *** | 0.900 *** | 1.017 *** | 1.051 *** | 0.987 *** | 0.921 *** | 0.903 *** |
(8.00) | (8.90) | (7.69) | (6.55) | (5.68) | (8.53) | (8.34) | (7.32) | (8.62) | (7.08) | |
edu | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.014 * | 0.015 ** | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.020 *** | 0.021 *** | ||
(0.40) | (0.15) | (1.78) | (1.99) | (0.75) | (0.48) | (2.80) | (2.73) | |||
pdi | 0.010 | 0.022 | 0.091 | 0.011 | 0.026 | 0.060 | ||||
(0.21) | (0.55) | (1.12) | (0.21) | (0.42) | (0.78) | |||||
dep | −0.025 * | −0.028 ** | −0.032 *** | −0.034 *** | ||||||
(−1.65) | (−2.01) | (−2.76) | (−2.73) | |||||||
gdp | −0.036 | −0.022 | ||||||||
(−1.03) | (−0.65) | |||||||||
N | 176 | 176 | 176 | 176 | 176 | 176 | 176 | 176 | 176 | 176 |
AR(1)-p | 0.005 | 0.008 | 0.009 | 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.022 | 0.020 | 0.022 | 0.024 | 0.023 |
AR(2)-p | 0.617 | 0.603 | 0.727 | 0.824 | 0.697 | 0.644 | 0.533 | 0.600 | 0.696 | 0.615 |
Sargan-p | 0.217 | 0.173 | 0.128 | 0.077 | 0.146 | 0.217 | 0.173 | 0.128 | 0.077 | 0.146 |
Hansen-p | 0.222 | 0.332 | 0.296 | 0.188 | 0.223 | 0.222 | 0.332 | 0.296 | 0.188 | 0.223 |
Variable | Fixed Effect Model | Random Effect Model | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | |
theil | 0.355 *** | 0.353 *** | 0.345 *** | 0.404 *** | 0.413 *** | 0.487 *** | 0.699 *** | 0.763 *** | 0.916 *** | 1.102 *** |
(3.62) | (3.56) | (3.46) | (3.95) | (4.04) | (4.68) | (6.01) | (6.38) | (7.73) | (8.53) | |
edu | −0.000 | −0.001 | 0.008 * | 0.009 * | 0.011 *** | 0.015 *** | 0.037 *** | 0.042 *** | ||
(−0.21) | (−0.69) | (1.70) | (1.90) | (6.26) | (7.25) | (8.08) | (9.36) | |||
pdi | 0.021 | 0.022 | 0.065 * | −0.057 * | −0.041 | −0.052 | ||||
(0.84) | (0.88) | (1.75) | (−1.88) | (−1.39) | (−1.17) | |||||
dep | −0.016 ** | −0.019 ** | −0.041 *** | −0.042 *** | ||||||
(−2.19) | (−2.48) | (−5.09) | (−5.09) | |||||||
gdp | −0.023 | 0.003 | ||||||||
(−1.55) | (0.20) | |||||||||
cons | 0.011 | 0.022 | −0.017 | −0.153 | −0.173* | 0.016 | −0.316** | −0.254* | −0.564 *** | −0.688 *** |
(1.05) | (0.43) | (−0.24) | (−1.64) | (−1.84) | (0.08) | (−2.29) | (−1.75) | (−3.83) | (−4.98) | |
N | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 |
Within R2 | 0.0565 | 0.0567 | 0.0598 | 0.0802 | 0.0904 | 0.0565 | 0.0241 | 0.0175 | 0.0415 | 0.0359 |
Adj R2 | 0.9910 | 0.9909 | 0.9909 | 0.9911 | 0.9911 | 0.9910 | 0.9909 | 0.9909 | 0.9911 | 0.9911 |
Variable | Two-Way Fixed Effect Model | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
Health | Health | Health | Health | Health | |
theil | 0.359 *** | 0.355 *** | 0.357 *** | 0.462 *** | 0.462 *** |
(3.60) | (3.52) | (3.61) | (4.59) | (4.58) | |
edu | −0.000 | −0.004 * | 0.012 ** | 0.012 ** | |
(−0.20) | (−1.84) | (2.39) | (2.37) | ||
pdi | 0.303 *** | 0.421 *** | 0.424 *** | ||
(3.18) | (4.28) | (4.25) | |||
dep | −0.028 *** | −0.028 *** | |||
(−3.58) | (−3.55) | ||||
gdp | 0.003 | ||||
(0.20) | |||||
Individual fixed Effect | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
Time fixed Effect | yes | yes | yes | yes | yes |
cons | 0.009 | 0.020 | −0.716 *** | −1.247 *** | −1.270 *** |
(0.37) | (0.34) | (−3.00) | (−4.52) | (−4.26) | |
N | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 | 264 |
Within R2 | 0.0570 | 0.0572 | 0.1000 | 0.1515 | 0.1517 |
Adj R2 | 0.9908 | 0.9907 | 0.9911 | 0.9916 | 0.9915 |
Variable | One-Step System GMM Model | Two-Step System GMM Model | Fixed Effect Model | Two-Way Fixed Effect Model |
---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | |
Health | Health | Health | Health | |
L.health | 0.301 ** | 0.374 *** | ||
(2.25) | (3.07) | |||
theil | 0.900 *** | 0.903 *** | 0.413 *** | 0.462 *** |
(5.68) | (7.08) | (4.04) | (4.58) | |
edu | 0.015 ** | 0.021 *** | 0.009 * | 0.012 ** |
(1.99) | (2.73) | (1.90) | (2.37) | |
pdi | 0.091 | 0.060 | 0.065 * | 0.424 *** |
(1.12) | (0.78) | (1.75) | (4.25) | |
dep | −0.028 ** | −0.034 *** | −0.019 ** | −0.028 *** |
(−2.01) | (−2.73) | (−2.48) | (−3.55) | |
gdp | −0.036 | −0.022 | −0.023 | 0.003 |
(−1.03) | (−0.65) | (−1.55) | (0.20) | |
Individual fixed Effect | yes | yes | ||
Time fixed Effect | no | yes | ||
N | 176 | 176 | 264 | 264 |
Within R2 | 0.0904 | 0.1517 | ||
Adj R2 | 0.9911 | 0.9915 | ||
AR(1)-p | 0.014 | 0.023 | ||
AR(2)-p | 0.697 | 0.615 | ||
Sargan-p | 0.146 | 0.146 | ||
Hansen-p | 0.223 | 0.223 |
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Yu, H.; Peng, Y.; Pu, L. Study on the Impact of Government Health Expenditure Equity on Residents’ Health Level in the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle of China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12758. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912758
Yu H, Peng Y, Pu L. Study on the Impact of Government Health Expenditure Equity on Residents’ Health Level in the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12758. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912758
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Haidong, Yujie Peng, and Lanfang Pu. 2022. "Study on the Impact of Government Health Expenditure Equity on Residents’ Health Level in the Chengdu–Chongqing Economic Circle of China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12758. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912758