Changes in Social and Clinical Determinants of COVID-19 Outcomes Achieved by the Vaccination Program: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Study Design and Participants
3. Statistical Analysis
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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September 2020 to December 2020 | January 2021 to June 2021 | July 2021 to December 2021 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infected | Not Infected | Infected | Not Infected | Infected | Not Infected | |
Men | 34,210 (2.98%) | 1,112,476 (97.02%) | 41,959 (3.67%) | 1,100,499 (96.33%) | 68,148 (6.00%) | 1,068,389 (94.00%) |
Women | 38,244 (3.19%) | 1,158,928 (96.81%) | 43,155 (3.62%) | 1,149,882 (96.38%) | 72,195 (6.08%) | 1,114,933 (93.92%) |
Age <18 years | 7932 (4.14%) | 183,797 (95.86%) | 10,546 (5.73%) | 173,353 (94.27%) | 13,586 (7.90%) | 158,459 (92.10%) |
Age 18–50 years | 33,916 (3.29%) | 998,477 (96.71%) | 42,056 (4.10%) | 984,330 (95.90%) | 83,488 (8.22%) | 932,597 (91.78%) |
Age 50–65 years | 16,912 (3.01%) | 544,245 (96.99%) | 19,330 (3.43%) | 545,017 (96.57%) | 27,610 (4.85%) | 541,683 (95.15%) |
Age ≥65 years | 13,694 (2.45%) | 544,885 (97.55%) | 13,182 (2.35%) | 547,681 (97.65%) | 15,659 (2.77%) | 550,583 (97.23%) |
Low income | 6679 (2.77%) | 234,797 (97.23%) | 7501 (3.11%) | 233,506 (96.89%) | 10,116 (4.23%) | 229,011 (95.77%) |
Medium income | 32,128 (2.99%) | 1,043,585 (97.01%) | 37,325 (3.49%) | 1,033,278 (96.51%) | 61,386 (5.77%) | 1,003,396 (94.23%) |
High income | 33,647 (3.28%) | 993,022 (96.72%) | 40,288 (3.93%) | 983,597 (96.07%) | 68,841 (6.75%) | 950,915 (93.25%) |
Charlson 0 | 49,275 (3.04%) | 1,572,181 (96.96%) | 59,542 (3.81%) | 1,503,142 (96.19%) | 100,376 (6.49%) | 1,447,323 (93.51%) |
Charlson 1–2 | 17,834 (3.17%) | 543,993 (96.83%) | 20,627 (3.78%) | 525,009 (96.22%) | 33,799 (6.17%) | 513,829 (93.83%) |
Charlson 3–4 | 3187 (3.18%) | 96,929 (96.82%) | 30,490 (3.13%) | 94,462 (96.87%) | 3890 (3.94%) | 94,915 (96.06%) |
Charlson >4 | 2158 (3.57%) | 58,301 (96.43%) | 18,950 (3.20%) | 57,266 (96.80%) | 2277 (3.77%) | 58,093 (96.23%) |
Total | 72,454 (3.1%) | 2,271,404 (96.9%) | 85,114 (3.6%) | 2,250,381 (96.4%) | 140,343 (6.0%) | 2,183,322 (94.0%) |
Full Vaccination as of 1 July 2021 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Unvaccinated | Vaccinated | |||
Low income | 69,089 | 29.6% | 164,355 | 70.4% |
Medium income | 375,741 | 35.9% | 671,005 | 64.1% |
High income | 273,287 | 27.6% | 717,964 | 72.4% |
Total | 718,117 | 31.6% | 1,553,324 | 68.4% |
2020-09 to 2020-12 | 2021-01 to 2021-06 | 2021-07 to 2021-12 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infection | HR | Lower CI | Upper CI | HR | Lower CI | Upper CI | HR | Lower CI | Upper CI |
Man | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Woman | 1.114 *** | 1.098 | 1.13 | 1.022 ** | 1.009 | 1.036 | 1.073 *** | 1.061 | 1.084 |
Age | 0.991 *** | 0.99 | 0.991 | 0.986 *** | 0.986 | 0.987 | 0.978 *** | 0.977 | 0.978 |
Low income | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Medium income | 1.048 *** | 1.021 | 1.076 | 1.047 *** | 1.021 | 1.073 | 1.215 *** | 1.19 | 1.241 |
High income | 1.179 *** | 1.148 | 1.211 | 1.203 *** | 1.174 | 1.233 | 1.472 *** | 1.441 | 1.503 |
Charlson 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Charlson 1–2 | 1.138 *** | 1.118 | 1.158 | 1.118 *** | 1.100 | 1.136 | 1.138 *** | 1.124 | 1.153 |
Charlson 3–4 | 1.380 *** | 1.33 | 1.433 | 1.237 *** | 1.191 | 1.284 | 1.178 *** | 1.14 | 1.218 |
Charlson >4 | 1.553 *** | 1.486 | 1.624 | 1.267 *** | 1.209 | 1.328 | 1.134 *** | 1.086 | 1.183 |
Hospitalization | HR | Lower CI | Upper CI | HR | Lower CI | Upper CI | HR | Lower CI | Upper CI |
Man | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Woman | 0.667 *** | 0.627 | 0.709 | 0.674 *** | 0.631 | 0.721 | 0.718 *** | 0.655 | 0.787 |
Age | 1.044 *** | 1.042 | 1.046 | 1041 *** | 1.039 | 1.043 | 1.016 *** | 1.013 | 1.018 |
Low income | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Medium income | 1.028 | 0.939 | 1.126 | 0.951 | 0.863 | 1.049 | 0.739 *** | 0.654 | 0.835 |
High income | 0.978 | 0.891 | 1.074 | 0.999 | 0.904 | 1.103 | 0.507 *** | 0.444 | 0.579 |
Charlson 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Charlson 1–2 | 1.759 *** | 1.634 | 1.894 | 1.533 *** | 1.418 | 1.657 | 1.489 *** | 1.332 | 1.663 |
Charlson 3–4 | 2.706 *** | 2.458 | 2.977 | 2.161 *** | 1.944 | 2.402 | 3.097 *** | 2.665 | 3.598 |
Charlson >4 | 3.551 *** | 3.203 | 3.937 | 2.597 *** | 2.309 | 2.922 | 4.226 *** | 3.609 | 4.95 |
ICU admission | HR | Lower CI | Upper CI | HR | Lower CI | Upper CI | HR | Lower CI | Upper CI |
Man | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Woman | 0.339 *** | 0.27 | 0.424 | 0.426 *** | 0.341 | 0.531 | 0.512 *** | 0.375 | 0.7 |
Age | 1.028 *** | 1.023 | 1.034 | 1.025 *** | 1.019 | 1.031 | 1.005 | 0.997 | 1.013 |
Low income | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Medium income | 1.042 | 0.749 | 1.451 | 1.039 | 0.739 | 1.461 | 0.794 | 0.513 | 1.229 |
High income | 1.059 | 0.760 | 1.476 | 1.162 | 0.828 | 1.63 | 0.550 * | 0.347 | 0.872 |
Charlson 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Charlson 1–2 | 1.735 *** | 1.376 | 2.187 | 2.120 *** | 1.676 | 2.682 | 1.545 * | 1.096 | 2.178 |
Charlson 3–4 | 2.135 *** | 1.512 | 3.015 | 2.528 *** | 1.773 | 3.605 | 2.563 *** | 1.494 | 4.396 |
Charlson >4 | 2.373 *** | 1.597 | 3.524 | 2.445 *** | 1.595 | 3.747 | 1.704 | 0.801 | 3.628 |
Infection | Hospitalization | ICU Admission | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR | Lower CI | Upper CI | HR | Lower CI | Upper CI | HR | Lower CI | Upper CI | |
Period 2020 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Period 2021-1 | 0.705 *** | 0.698 | 0.713 | 0.886 *** | 0.848 | 0.925 | 0.987 | 0.857 | 1.136 |
Period 2021-2 | 1.085 *** | 1.074 | 1.096 | 0.451 *** | 0.427 | 0.476 | 0.457 *** | 0.383 | 0.546 |
Man | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Woman | 1.068 *** | 1.061 | 1.076 | 0.680 *** | 0.653 | 0.708 | 0.402 *** | 0.35 | 0.463 |
Age | 0.983 *** | 0.983 | 0.984 | 1.037 *** | 1.036 | 1.038 | 1.022*** | 1.019 | 1.026 |
Low income | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Medium income | 1.115 *** | 1.1 | 1.13 | 0.936 * | 0.883 | 0.992 | 0.988 | 0.802 | 1.217 |
High income | 1.306 *** | 1.288 | 1.324 | 0.866 *** | 0.815 | 0.92 | 0.972 | 0.788 | 1.199 |
Charlson 0 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Charlson 1–2 | 1.134 *** | 1.124 | 1.144 | 1.621 *** | 1.545 | 1.702 | 1.844 *** | 1.59 | 2.139 |
Charlson 3–4 | 1.259 *** | 1.233 | 1.286 | 2.544 *** | 2.386 | 2.713 | 2.353 *** | 1.88 | 2.946 |
Charlson >4 | 1.297 *** | 1.264 | 1.331 | 3.264 *** | 3.045 | 3.499 | 2.297 *** | 1.754 | 3.008 |
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Ibarrondo, O.; Aguiar, M.; Stollenwerk, N.; Blasco-Aguado, R.; Larrañaga, I.; Bidaurrazaga, J.; Estadilla, C.D.S.; Mar, J. Changes in Social and Clinical Determinants of COVID-19 Outcomes Achieved by the Vaccination Program: A Nationwide Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912746
Ibarrondo O, Aguiar M, Stollenwerk N, Blasco-Aguado R, Larrañaga I, Bidaurrazaga J, Estadilla CDS, Mar J. Changes in Social and Clinical Determinants of COVID-19 Outcomes Achieved by the Vaccination Program: A Nationwide Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912746
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbarrondo, Oliver, Maíra Aguiar, Nico Stollenwerk, Rubén Blasco-Aguado, Igor Larrañaga, Joseba Bidaurrazaga, Carlo Delfin S. Estadilla, and Javier Mar. 2022. "Changes in Social and Clinical Determinants of COVID-19 Outcomes Achieved by the Vaccination Program: A Nationwide Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12746. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912746