The Effectiveness of Interventions to Increase Participation and Physical Activities in Parks: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Peer-Reviewed Literature
- (a)
- In English;
- (b)
- A peer-reviewed and published journal article;
- (c)
- Full text available for review;
- (d)
- Relevant to park visitation or physical activities in parks.
2.2. Evidence Grading
3. Results
3.1. An Overview of Systematic Review Publications
3.2. Study Design
3.3. Population of Interest
3.4. Type of Interventions
3.5. Outcome Measures and Impacts of Interventions
3.6. Risk of Bias
3.7. GRADE
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country/Region | Number of Studies |
---|---|
USA | 33 |
Australia | 16 |
Canada | 3 |
Singapore | 2 |
Colombia | 2 |
Japan | 1 |
Netherlands | 1 |
Denmark | 1 |
Italy | 1 |
Belgium | 1 |
England | 1 |
Scotland | 1 |
New Zealand | 1 |
Total | 64 |
Study Design | Number of Studies |
---|---|
Randomised controlled trial | 12 |
Quasi-experimental pre–post evaluation design with a comparison group | 27 |
Quasi-experimental pre–post evaluation design without a parallel comparison group | 14 |
Case study | 3 |
Systematic reviews | 4 |
Population of Interest | Number of Studies |
---|---|
Whole population | 28 |
Children | 6 |
Adults | 7 |
Low-income families | 12 |
Older people | 2 |
Women | 2 |
Adolescents | 2 |
Youths | 1 |
Impact of Intervention | Park Prescription Intervention–D1 | Increasing Safe Access to Parks–S5 | Play-Grounds–S9 | Park Renovation/Renewal/Redesign–S2 | Education and Campaign –D2 | Physical Activity Program–S7 | Park Facilities Install-ation-S1 | Non-Physical Activity Program–S8 | Outdoor Gym Installation/Fitness Area–S4 | Involving Community Stakeholders–D5 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Positively statistically significant | 3 (60%) | 3 (60%) | 4 (50%) | 5 (46%) | 3 (43%) | 9 (41%) | 6 (38%) | 2 (34%) | 4 (27%) | 1 (20%) |
Negatively statistically significant | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (13%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (12%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (7%) | 0 (0%) |
Mixed | 0 | 0 | 0 (0%) | 2 (18%) | 1 (14%) | 3 (14%) | 2 (13%) | 2 (33%) | 3 (20%) | 1 (20%) |
Not significant | 0 | 0 | 1 (12%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (14%) | 2 (12%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (20%) | 1 (20%) |
No result provided | 2 (40%) | 2 (40%) | 2 (25%) | 4 (36%) | 2 (29%) | 7 (31%) | 4 (25%) | 2 (33%) | 4 (26%) | 2 (40%) |
Total | 5 | 5 | 8 | 11 | 7 | 22 | 16 | 6 | 15 | 5 |
Risk of Bias Judgement | Critical | Serious | Moderate | Low |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bias due to confounding effects | 2 | 27 | 10 | 5 |
Bias in selection of study participants | 2 | 30 | 4 | 8 |
Bias in measurement of interventions | 0 | 7 | 9 | 28 |
Bias due to departures from intended interventions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 44 |
Bias due to missing data | 1 | 31 | 4 | 8 |
Bias in measurement of outcomes | 0 | 16 | 20 | 8 |
Bias in selection of the reported results | 0 | 0 | 25 | 19 |
Overall bias | 14 | 24 | 5 | 1 |
Risk of Bias Judgement | Critical | Serious | Moderate | Low |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bias due to confounding effects | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Bias in selection of study participants | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
Bias in measurement of interventions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
Bias due to departures from intended interventions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
Bias due to missing data | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Bias in measurement of outcomes | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Bias in selection of the reported results | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
Overall bias | 0 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
Outcome Number of Studies | Risk of Bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication Bias | Overall GRADE Score |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Engagement in MVPA (32) | Very serious (−2) | Serious (−1) | Serious (−1) | Serious (−1) | Unlikely | Very low |
Increased attendance of parks (18) | Very serious (−2) | Serious (−1) | No important indirectness | Serious (−1) | Likely (−1) | Very low |
Increased physical activity (METs) (17) | Very serious (−2) | Serious (−1) | No important indirectness | No important imprecision | Likely (−1) | Very low |
Increased number of visit per person (10) | Very serious (−2) | No important inconsistency | No important indirectness | No important imprecision | Likely (−1) | Very low |
Increased time spent in parks per person (8) | Very serious (−2) | Very serious (−2) | No important indirectness | No important imprecision | Unlikely | Very low |
Participation in the more intensive category of physical activity (6) | Very serious (−2) | Serious (−1) | No important indirectness | No important imprecision | Likely (−1) | Very low |
The number of physically inactive visitors (5) | Serious (−1) | Serious (−1) | Serious (−1) | No important imprecision | Unlikely | Very low |
Increased use of the installed area (5) | Very serious (−2) | No important inconsistency | No important indirectness | Serious (−1) | Likely (−1) | Very low |
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Xu, Y.; Wheeler, S.A.; Zuo, A. The Effectiveness of Interventions to Increase Participation and Physical Activities in Parks: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12590. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912590
Xu Y, Wheeler SA, Zuo A. The Effectiveness of Interventions to Increase Participation and Physical Activities in Parks: A Systematic Review of the Literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12590. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912590
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Ying, Sarah Ann Wheeler, and Alec Zuo. 2022. "The Effectiveness of Interventions to Increase Participation and Physical Activities in Parks: A Systematic Review of the Literature" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12590. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912590