Association of Absolute and Relative Handgrip Strength with Prevalent Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2018
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Anthropometric and Biochemistry Measures
2.3. HGS Measurement
2.4. MetS Diagnosis and Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Characteristics of MetS Components across AHGS and RHGS Tertiles by Age Groups
3.3. Association of Absolute and Relative HGS with MetS in Males
3.4. Association of Absolute and Relative HGS with MetS in Females
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Males (n = 12,470) | Females (n = 15,676) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | T1 > 43 kg | 37 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 43 kg | 37 kg > T3 | p | T1 > 26 kg | 22 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 26 kg | 22 kg > T3 | p |
(n = 4379) | (n = 4250) | (n = 3841) | (n = 6327) | (n = 4649) | (n = 4700) | |||
Age, years | 43.1 ± 12.6 | 50.3 ± 15.6 * | 61.4 ± 17.1 ** | <0.001 | 45.4 ± 13.5 | 50.3 ± 16.0 * | 60.0 ± 17.8 ** | <0.001 |
Height, cm | 173.7 ± 5.8 | 170.2 ± 6.0 * | 166.2 ± 6.7 ** | <0.001 | 159.9 ± 5.7 | 157.1 ± 5.9 * | 153.4 ± 6.7 ** | <0.001 |
Weight, kg | 76.3 ± 11.4 | 70.6 ± 10.4 * | 64.8 ± 10.4 ** | <0.001 | 60.7 ± 9.7 | 57.1 ± 8.4 * | 55.2 ± 8.8 ** | <0.001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 25.3 ± 3.3 | 24.4 ± 3.2 * | 23.4 ± 3.2 ** | <0.001 | 23.8 ± 3.7 | 23.2 ± 3.5 * | 23.5 ± 3.6 ** | <0.001 |
MetS component | ||||||||
WC, cm | 87.3 ± 8.8 | 86.1 ± 8.8 * | 84.9 ± 9.3 ** | <0.001 | 79.1 ± 9.8 | 78.3 ± 9.7 * | 80.2 ± 10.2 ** | <0.001 |
SBP, mmHg | 119.9 ± 13.4 | 120.8 ± 15.2 * | 122.8 ± 16.4 ** | <0.001 | 114.2 ± 16.0 | 116.0 ± 17.4 * | 121.4 ± 19.5 ** | <0.001 |
DBP, mmHg | 79.9 ± 9.9 | 78.1 ± 9.9 * | 73.9 ± 10.5 ** | <0.001 | 74.0 ± 9.6 | 73.2 ± 9.5 * | 72.5 ± 9.8 ** | <0.001 |
Glucose, mg/dL | 100.8 ± 21.0 | 104.4 ± 27.4 * | 107.4 ± 29.4 ** | <0.001 | 96.6 ± 18.6 | 98.0 ± 23.1 * | 102.0 ± 26.0 ** | <0.001 |
HDL-C, mg/dL | 47.3 ± 10.9 | 47.5 ± 11.3 | 46.6 ± 11.8 ** | 0.002 | 55.1 ± 12.6 | 55.0 ± 12.8 | 52.2 ± 12.5 ** | <0.001 |
TG, mg/dL | 172.7 ± 144.8 | 162.7 ± 136.7 * | 144.5 ± 107.3 ** | <0.001 | 112.8 ± 86.5 | 112.3 ± 74.3 | 124.7 ± 84.6 ** | <0.001 |
Absolute handgrip strength, kg | 48.8 ± 4.4 | 40.0 ± 2.0 * | 30.9 ± 4.8 ** | <0.001 | 29.1 ± 2.8 | 23.5 ± 1.1 * | 17.9 ± 2.9 ** | <0.001 |
Relative handgrip strength | 0.65 ± 0.1 | 0.58 ± 0.1 * | 0.49 ± 0.1 ** | <0.001 | 0.49 ± 0.1 | 0.42 ± 0.1 * | 0.33 ± 0.1 ** | <0.001 |
No. of MetS components, n (%) a | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
1 | 1046 (24.6) | 1000 (24.4) | 928 (26.1) | 1251 (25.4) | 1388 (25) | 901 (21.2) | ||
2 | 986 (23.2) | 988 (24.1) | 921 (26) | 1025 (20.8) | 1042 (18.8) | 916 (21.6) | ||
3 | 726 (17.1) | 736 (18) | 614 (17.3) | 652 (13.2) | 792 (14.3) | 851 (20.1) | ||
4 | 437 (10.3) | 384 (9.4) | 328 (9.2) | 370 (7.5) | 437 (7.9) | 501 (11.8) | ||
5 | 134 (3.2) | 92 (2.2) | 71 (2) | 92 (1.9) | 125 (2.3) | 168 (4) | ||
MetS | 1297 (30.5) | 1212 (29.6) | 1013 (28.5) | 0.004 | 1114 (22.6) | 1354 (24.4) | 1520 (35.8) | <0.001 |
Alcohol consumption | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
None | 318 (7.3) | 487 (11.5) | 741 (19.3) | 1070 (16.9) | 827 (17.8) | 996 (21.2) | ||
≤1 time/month | 871 (19.9) | 888 (20.9) | 718 (18.7) | 2261 (35.8) | 1608 (34.6) | 1343 (28.6) | ||
2–4 time/month | 1308 (29.9) | 1112 (26.2) | 774 (20.2) | 1420 (22.5) | 913 (19.7) | 572 (12.2) | ||
2–3 times/week | 1154 (26.4) | 951 (22.4) | 665 (17.3) | 695 (11.0) | 405 (8.7) | 270 (5.7) | ||
≥4 times/week | 495 (11.3) | 545 (12.8) | 520 (13.5) | 154 (2.4) | 115 (2.5) | 111 (2.4) | ||
Smoking status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Never or past | 2470 (56.4) | 2663 (62.7) | 2680 (69.8) | 5866 (92.8) | 4330 (93.2) | 4342 (92.4) | ||
Current | 1786 (40.8) | 1485 (34.9) | 1031 (26.8) | 353 (5.6) | 223 (4.8) | 176 (3.7) | ||
Education | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Elementary school | 123 (2.8) | 380 (8.9) | 906 (23.6) | 627 (9.9) | 925 (19.9) | 1891 (40.3) | ||
Middle school | 235 (5.4) | 449 (10.6) | 562 (14.6) | 557 (8.8) | 538 (11.6) | 516 (11.0) | ||
High school | 1204 (27.5) | 1150 (27.1) | 853 (22.2) | 1968 (31.1) | 1172 (25.2) | 792 (16.9) | ||
College or higher | 2139 (48.8) | 1727 (40.6) | 1016 (26.5) | 2593 (41) | 1586 (34.2) | 1030 (21.9) | ||
Income (quartile) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
Lowest | 296 (6.8) | 589 (13.9) | 1238 (32.2) | 627 (9.9) | 841 (18.1) | 1687 (35.9) | ||
Mid–low | 955 (21.8) | 1037 (24.4) | 1011 (26.3) | 557 (8.8) | 1171 (25.2) | 1104 (23.5) | ||
Mid–high | 1506 (34.4) | 1216 (28.6) | 799 (20.8) | 1968 (31.1) | 1298 (28.0) | 929 (19.8) | ||
Highest | 1616 (36.9) | 1391 (32.7) | 763 (19.9) | 2593 (41.0) | 1317 (28.4) | 952 (20.3) | ||
Resistance training (days/week) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
None | 2511 (57.3) | 2658 (62.5) | 2633 (68.5) | 668 (10.6) | 3685 (79.3) | 3894 (82.9) | ||
1–2 | 522 (11.9) | 425 (10.0) | 244 (6.4) | 1556 (24.6) | 301 (6.5) | 175 (3.7) | ||
3–4 | 534 (12.2) | 407 (9.6) | 255 (6.6) | 1974 (31.2) | 245 (5.3) | 155 (3.3) | ||
≥5 | 455 (10.4) | 508 (12.0) | 420 (10.9) | 2096 (33.2) | 202 (4.3) | 136 (2.9) |
Age (Years) | Absolute HGS | n | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Relative HGS | n | Unadjusted | Adjusted |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||||||
Total | 43 kg < T1 | 4379 | Referent | Referent | 0.62 < T1 | 4159 | Referent | Referent |
37 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 43 kg | 4250 | 0.94 (0.86–1.04) | 0.83 (0.75–0.93) | 0.53 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.62 | 4154 | 2.30 (2.07–2.56) | 2.32 (2.06–2.62) | |
37 kg > T3 | 3841 | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 0.59 (0.52–0.67) | 0.53 > T3 | 4157 | 3.59 (2.23–3.99) | 3.69 (3.27–4.16) | |
19–29 | 44 kg < T1 | 585 | Referent | Referent | 0.63 kg < T1 | 524 | Referent | Referent |
39 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 44 kg | 513 | 0.59 (0.39–0.88) | 0.59 (0.38–0.92) | 0.54 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.63 | 523 | 5.93 (2.76–12.71) | 6.03 (2.65–13.70) | |
39 kg > T3 | 472 | 0.57 (0.37–0.87) | 0.55 (0.34–0.89) | 0.54 > T3 | 523 | 14.13 (6.79–29.42) | 16.26 (7.37–35.89) | |
30–39 | 47 kg < T1 | 741 | Referent | Referent | 0.65 < T1 | 651 | Referent | Referent |
42 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 47 kg | 621 | 0.59 (0.46–0.76) | 0.53 (0.40–0.71) | 0.55 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.65 | 651 | 2.36 91.75–3.19) | 2.43 (1.72–3.42) | |
42 kg > T3 | 590 | 0.61 (0.48–0.79) | 0.60 (0.45–0.80) | 0.55 > T3 | 650 | 5.29 (3.97–7.04) | 6.15 (4.41–8.57) | |
40–49 | 46 kg < T1 | 766 | Referent | Referent | 0.65 < T1 | 741 | Referent | Referent |
41 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 46 kg | 781 | 0.81 (0.66–1.00) | 0.84 (0.66–1.07) | 0.55 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.65 | 740 | 2.33 (1.83–2.98) | 2.50 (1.89–3.31) | |
41 kg > T3 | 673 | 0.69 (0.55–0.86) | 0.74 (0.57–0.95) | 0.55 > T3 | 739 | 4.39 (3.46–5.57) | 5.34 (4.05–7.05) | |
50–59 | 43 kg < T1 | 848 | Referent | Referent | 0.64 < T1 | 793 | Referent | Referent |
39 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 43 kg | 781 | 0.99 (0.81–1.21) | 1.05 (0.84–1.31) | 0.55 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.64 | 791 | 1.68 (1.34–2.11) | 1.76 (1.38–2.26) | |
39 kg > T3 | 747 | 0.78 (0.64–0.97) | 0.78 (0.61–0.99) | 0.55 > T3 | 792 | 3.70 (2.98–4.61) | 4.09 (3.20–5.22) | |
60–69 | 39 kg < T1 | 883 | Referent | Referent | 0.61 < T1 | 753 | Referent | Referent |
35 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 39 kg | 724 | 0.93 (0.76–1.15) | 1.02 (0.80–1.29) | 0.52 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.61 | 749 | 2.02 (1.60–2.55) | 2.16 (1.67–2.80) | |
35 kg > T3 | 646 | 0.88 (0.71–1.09) | 0.90 (0.70–1.16) | 0.52 > T3 | 751 | 3.15 (2.51–3.96) | 3.55 (2.74–4.59) | |
70–80 | 34 kg < T1 | 711 | Referent | Referent | 0.55 < T1 | 701 | Referent | Referent |
29 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 34 kg | 742 | 0.75 (0.60–0.94) | 0.75 (0.58–0.97) | 0.46 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.55 | 698 | 1.55 (1.22–1.99) | 1.60 (1.22–2.11) | |
29 kg > T3 | 646 | 0.58 (0.45–0.73) | 0.63 (0.47–0.85) | 0.46 > T3 | 700 | 2.10 (1.65–2.67) | 2.58 (1.95–3.41) |
Age (Years) | Absolute HGS | n | Unadjusted | Adjusted | Relative HGS | n | Unadjusted | Adjusted |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | |||||||
Total | 26 kg < T1 | 6320 | Referent | Referent | 0.46 < T1 | 5224 | Referent | Referent |
22 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 26 kg | 4644 | 1.08 (0.99–1.18) | 0.78 (0.70–0.85) | 0.38 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.46 | 5220 | 2.50 (2.25–2.78) | 2.04 (1.83–2.28) | |
22 kg > T3 | 4697 | 1.70 (1.56–1.86) | 0.72 (0.65–0.79) | 0.38 > T3 | 5217 | 5.37 (4.85–5.94) | 3.28 (2.94–3.65) | |
19–29 | 26 kg < T1 | 677 | Referent | Referent | 0.48 < T1 | 617 | Referent | Referent |
23 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 26 kg | 603 | 0.34 (0.19–0.62) | 0.36 (0.20–0.65) | 0.41 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.48 | 616 | 2.72 (1.06–6.99) | 2.70 (1.05–6.96) | |
23 kg > T3 | 569 | 0.41 (0.23–0.73) | 0.42 (0.24–0.74) | 0.41 > T3 | 616 | 10.38 (4.44–24.27) | 10.08 (4.31–23.57) | |
30–39 | 27 kg < T1 | 1022 | Referent | Referent | 0.49 < T1 | 834 | Referent | Referent |
24 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 27 kg | 807 | 0.62 (0.46–0.85) | 0.63 (0.47–0.86) | 0.42 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.49 | 832 | 2.49 (1.57–3.95) | 2.55 (1.61–4.05) | |
24 kg > T3 | 670 | 0.56 (0.40–0.78) | 0.59 (0.42–0.83) | 0.42 > T3 | 833 | 7.11 (4.67–10.82) | 7.48 (4.90–11.42) | |
40–49 | 27 kg < T1 | 1116 | Referent | Referent | 0.49 kg < T1 | 967 | Referent | Referent |
24 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 27 kg | 959 | 0.52 (0.41–0.66) | 0.52 (0.41–0.66) | 0.41 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.49 | 967 | 1.91 (1.43–2.55) | 1.90 91.42–2.54) | |
24 kg > T3 | 824 | 0.66 (0.52–0.84) | 0.65 (0.51–0.83) | 0.41 > T3 | 965 | 4.05 (3.09–5.30) | 3.97 (3.03–5.20) | |
50–59 | 26 kg < T1 | 1130 | Referent | Referent | 0.47 < T1 | 1016 | Referent | Referent |
23 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 26 kg | 1059 | 0.86 (0.71–1.03) | 0.85 (0.70–1.02) | 0.39 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.47 | 1022 | 2.24 (1.80–2.79) | 2.22 (1.78–2.77) | |
23 kg > T3 | 868 | 0.91 (0.75–1.11) | 0.89 (0.73–1.09) | 0.39 > T3 | 1019 | 3.76 (3.03–4.66) | 3.72 (3.00–4.61) | |
60–69 | 24 kg < T1 | 1017 | Referent | Referent | 0.44 < T1 | 889 | Referent | Referent |
21 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 24 kg | 918 | 0.92 (0.76–1.10) | 0.89 (0.74–1.07) | 0.36 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.44 | 887 | 1.60 (1.32–1.95) | 1.57 (1.29–1.91) | |
21 kg > T3 | 728 | 1.03 (0.85–1.25) | 0.97 (0.80–1.18) | 0.36 > T3 | 887 | 2.74 (2.25–3.33) | 2.65 (2.18–3.23) | |
70–80 | 20 kg < T1 | 1043 | Referent | Referent | 0.39 < T1 | 899 | Referent | Referent |
17 kg ≤ T2 ≤ 20 kg | 862 | 0.88 (0.73–1.05) | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 0.31 ≤ T2 ≤ 0.39 | 898 | 1.48 (1.22–1.78) | 1.52 (1.26–1.84) | |
17 kg > T3 | 789 | 0.87 (0.72–1.04) | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 0.31 > T3 | 897 | 1.90 (1.58–2.29) | 2.02 (1.66–2.45) |
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Hong, S.; Oh, M.; Kim, Y.; Jeon, J.Y. Association of Absolute and Relative Handgrip Strength with Prevalent Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2018. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912585
Hong S, Oh M, Kim Y, Jeon JY. Association of Absolute and Relative Handgrip Strength with Prevalent Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2018. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912585
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, Sunghyun, Minsuk Oh, Youngwon Kim, and Justin Y. Jeon. 2022. "Association of Absolute and Relative Handgrip Strength with Prevalent Metabolic Syndrome in Adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014–2018" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912585