Depressive, Anxious, and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Related to Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic, by Sex, COVID-19 Status, and Intervention-Seeking Conditions among the General Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Design
2.2. Subjects
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Confirmatory Factorial Analyses, Cronbach’s Alpha, and Spearman Correlations
3.2. Measurement Invariance
3.3. Comparison Groups Means
3.4. Total Subjects’ MDE, GA, and MDE, GA, and PTDS Percentages in the Group That Had Experienced Violence
3.5. Structural Equation Modeling
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Survey Questionnaires
Survey Questionnaires | ||||||||||||
Socio-Demographic | Response Options | |||||||||||
1 | Sex | Men | Women | |||||||||
2 | COVID-19 status | No | Yes | |||||||||
3 | Remote Psychological Care-seeking | No | Yes | |||||||||
Major Depression Episode | Response Options | |||||||||||
Subjects had experienced the symptoms in in the past twelve months. | Always | Nearly always | Sometimes | Rarely | Never | |||||||
1 | Sadness or depressed mood? | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | ||||||
2 | Discouraged because of how things were going in your life? | |||||||||||
3 | Loss of interest or pleasure? | |||||||||||
4 | Feeling worthlessness or not good enough? | |||||||||||
5 | Recurrent thoughts of death? | |||||||||||
6 | Indecisiveness or diminished ability to concentrate? | |||||||||||
7 | Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain? | |||||||||||
8 | Insomnia or hypersomnia | |||||||||||
9 | Psychomotor agitation or retardation? | |||||||||||
10 | Fatigue or loss of energy? | |||||||||||
11 | Symptoms causing impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning? | |||||||||||
Generalized Anxiety | Response Options | |||||||||||
Subjects had felt anxious in the past two weeks. | Total absence of the symptom | Total presence of the symptom | ||||||||||
1 | I have felt nervous or on edge. | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
2 | I have felt unable to control my worrying. | |||||||||||
3 | I have felt so restless it was hard to keep still. | |||||||||||
4 | I have had trouble relaxing. | |||||||||||
5 | I have felt afraid something awful could happen. | |||||||||||
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder | Response Options | |||||||||||
Adapted Life Events Checklist | No | Yes | ||||||||||
Experience of violence in past six months. | ||||||||||||
1 | Have you been a victim of physical violence (being attacked, hit, slapped, kicked, beaten up) | 0 | 1 | |||||||||
2 | Was this physical abuse inflicted by a family member or your partner? | |||||||||||
3 | Have you been a victim of emotional violence (insults, humiliation, screaming, dismissing, or similar experiences) | |||||||||||
4 | Was this physical abuse inflicted by a family member or your partner? | |||||||||||
5 | Have you been a victim of sexual violence (unwanted touching, sexual act through force, or threat of harm to maintain unwanted sexual activity)? | |||||||||||
6 | Was this physical abuse inflicted by a family member or your partner? | |||||||||||
7 | Have you been a victim of sexual harassment (e.g., soliciting intimate/physical contact in exchange for academic or work achievements, feeling continuous verbal-or-via-online threatened)? | |||||||||||
8 | Have you been a victim of violence, assault with a weapon (for example, being shot, stabbed, threatened with a knife, gun, or bomb), kidnapped, or blackmailed? | |||||||||||
9 | Has any relative been a victim of this kind of violence: assault with a weapon, threatened, kidnapped, severe assaulted, blackmailed, sexual assaulted, or murdered? | |||||||||||
10 | Have you witnessed violence inflicted on another person (hitting, intimidating, humiliating, etc.) | |||||||||||
11 | Was this violence in your family (e.g., from father to son, from any person to your partner, etc.? | |||||||||||
Please, choose the most severe event to answer the next questions. | ||||||||||||
Bothersome symptoms in the past month. | Response Options | |||||||||||
Reexperiencing | Not al all | Slightly | Moderately | Quit a lot | Extremely | |||||||
B1. | Repeated, disturbing, and unwanted memories of the stressful experience? | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||||||
B2 | Repeated, disturbing dreams of the stressful experience? | |||||||||||
B3 | Suddenly feeling or acting as if the stressful experience were actually happening again (as if you were actually back there reliving it)? | |||||||||||
B4 | Feeling very upset when something reminded you of the stressful experience? | |||||||||||
B5 | Having strong physical reactions when something reminded you of the stressful experience (for example, heart pounding, trouble breathing, sweating)? | |||||||||||
Avoidance | ||||||||||||
C1 | Avoiding memories, thoughts, or feelings related to the stressful experience? | |||||||||||
C2 | Avoiding external reminders of the stressful experience (for example, people, places, conversations, activities, objects, or situations)? | |||||||||||
Negative Alterations in Cognitions and Mood | ||||||||||||
D1 | Trouble remembering important parts of the stressful experience? | |||||||||||
D2 | Having strong negative beliefs about yourself, other people, or the world (for example, having thoughts such as: I am bad, there is something seriously wrong with me, no one can be trusted, the world is completely dangerous)? | |||||||||||
D3 | Blaming yourself or someone else for the stressful experience or what happened after it? | |||||||||||
D4 | Having strong negative feelings such as fear, horror, anger, guilt, or shame? | |||||||||||
D5 | Loss of interest in activities that you used to enjoy? | |||||||||||
D6 | Feeling distant or cut off from other people? | |||||||||||
D7 | Trouble experiencing positive feelings (for example, being unable to feel happiness or have loving feelings for people close to you? | |||||||||||
Hyperarousal | ||||||||||||
E1 | Irritable behavior, angry outbursts, or acting aggressively? | |||||||||||
E2 | Taking too many risks or doing things that could cause you harm? | |||||||||||
E3 | Being “superalert” or watchful or on guard? | |||||||||||
E4 | Feeling jumpy or easily startled? | |||||||||||
E5 | Having difficulty concentrating? | |||||||||||
E6 | Trouble falling or staying asleep? | |||||||||||
Less/more-than-a-month-response | Response Options | |||||||||||
1 | How long have the symptoms been bothering you? | Less than | More than a month | |||||||||
1 | 2 |
Appendix B
Appendix C
Dimensions | n= | MDE | GA | |||||
MDE | 18,449 | 1 | 0.701 ** | |||||
Dimensions | n= | Reexperiencing | Avoidance | NACM | Hyperarousal | MDE | GA | PTSD |
Reexperiencing | 5712 | 1 | 0.811 ** | 0.801 ** | 0.758 ** | 0.519 ** | 0.566 ** | |
Avoidance | 1 | 0.713 ** | 0.636 ** | 0.456 ** | 0.475 ** | |||
NACM | 1 | 0.857 ** | 0.665 ** | 0.645 ** | ||||
Hyperarousal | 1 | 0.631 ** | 0.687 ** | |||||
MDE | 1 | 0.564 ** | 0.649 ** | |||||
GA | 1 | 0.673 ** | ||||||
PTSD | 1 | |||||||
Note. ** p < 0.01; MDE = Major Depressive Episode, GA = Generalized Anxiety, NACM = Negative Alterations in Cognitions and Mood, PTSD = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, n = number of participants. |
Appendix D
Comparison | Models | X² (df) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | ΔX² (Δdf) | ΔX²’ s p-Value | ΔCFI | ΔRMSEA | ΔTLI |
Sex | MDE | ||||||||||
Configural | 3763.71 (64) | 0.986 | 0.980 | 0.079 | 0.011 | ||||||
Metric | 3991.62 (73) | 0.985 | 0.982 | 0.076 | 0.021 | 227.91 (9) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.002 | |
Strong | 4397.65 (82) | 0.984 | 0.982 | 0.076 | 0.022 | 406.02 (9) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Strict | 5212.04 (92) | 0.980 | 0.981 | 0.078 | 0.023 | 814.39 (10) | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
Strict.1 1–2, 2–3, 2–4 | 5255.03 (95) | 0.980 | 0.981 | 0.077 | 0.023 | 857.39 (13) | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Means comparision | 5338.83 (96) | 0.980 | 0.981 | 0.077 | 0.033 | 83.80 (1) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
GA | |||||||||||
Configural | 359.37 (10) | 0.996 | 0.992 | 0.062 | 0.008 | ||||||
Metric | 372.94 (14) | 0.996 | 0.994 | 0.053 | 0.010 | 13.58 (4) | 0.009 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.002 | |
Strong | 550.56 (18) | 0.994 | 0.993 | 0.057 | 0.015 | 177.62 (4) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.001 | |
Strict | 775.16 (23) | 0.991 | 0.992 | 0.060 | 0.017 | 224.60 (5) | 0.000 | −0.003 | 0.003 | 0.001 | |
Means comparison | 1248.58 (24) | 0.985 | 0.988 | 0.074 | 0.073 | 473.41 (1) | 0.000 | −0.006 | 0.014 | 0.004 | |
COVID-19 | MDE | ||||||||||
Configural | 3754.49 (64) | 0.986 | 0.980 | 0.079 | 0.011 | ||||||
Metric | 3915.00 (73) | 0.985 | 0.982 | 0.076 | 0.018 | 160.51 (9) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.002 | |
Strong | 4078.40 (82) | 0.985 | 0.983 | 0.073 | 0.019 | 163.40 (9) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001 | |
Strict | 4525.84 (92) | 0.983 | 0.983 | 0.072 | 0.020 | 447.44 (10) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |
Strict.1 1–2, 2–3, 2–4 | 4546.27 (95) | 0.983 | 0.984 | 0.071 | 0.020 | 467.87 (13) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
Means comparison | 4821.78 (96) | 0.982 | 0.983 | 0.073 | 0.042 | 275.51 (1) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
GA | |||||||||||
Configural | 374.18 (10) | 0.996 | 0.991 | 0.063 | 0.008 | ||||||
Metric | 419.49 (14) | 0.995 | 0.993 | 0.056 | 0.012 | 45.31 (4) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.002 | |
Strong | 551.38 (18) | 0.994 | 0.993 | 0.057 | 0.015 | 131.89 (4) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 | |
Strict | 586.38 (23) | 0.993 | 0.994 | 0.052 | 0.017 | 35.00 (5) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 | |
Means comparison | 1096.12 (24) | 0.987 | 0.989 | 0.07 | 0.067 | 509.74 (1) | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.018 | 0.005 | |
Seeking Psychological Care | MDE | ||||||||||
Configural | 3709.38 (64) | 0.986 | 0.980 | 0.079 | 0.012 | ||||||
Metric | 3757.30 (73) | 0.986 | 0.983 | 0.074 | 0.014 | 47.92 (9) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.003 | |
Strong | 4056.85 (82) | 0.985 | 0.983 | 0.072 | 0.015 | 299.55 (9) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.000 | |
Strict | 5380.40 (92) | 0.980 | 0.980 | 0.079 | 0.017 | 1323.54 (10) | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.003 | |
Strict.1 1–2, 2–3, 2–4 | 5437.96 (95) | 0.979 | 0.981 | 0.078 | 0.017 | 1381.10 (13) | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.002 | |
Means comparison | 5884.95 (96) | 0.978 | 0.979 | 0.081 | 0.049 | 446.99 (1) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.002 | |
GA | |||||||||||
Configural | 355.01 (10) | 0.996 | 0.991 | 0.061 | 0.008 | ||||||
Metric | 466.70 (14) | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.059 | 0.016 | 111.69 (4) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
Strong | 536.58 (18) | 0.994 | 0.993 | 0.056 | 0.019 | 69.88 (4) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001 | |
Strict | 698.25 (23) | 0.992 | 0.993 | 0.056 | 0.022 | 161.67 (5) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Means comparison | 2348.64 (24) | 0.971 | 0.976 | 0.102 | 0.128 | 1650.40 (1) | 0.000 | 0.021 | 0.046 | 0.017 | |
Violence Experience | MDE | ||||||||||
Configural | 3818.73 (64) | 0.986 | 0.980 | 0.080 | 0.012 | ||||||
Metric | 3867.89 (73) | 0.985 | 0.982 | 0.075 | 0.014 | 49.15 (9) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.002 | |
Strong | 4211.51 (82) | 0.984 | 0.983 | 0.074 | 0.017 | 343.62 (9) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Strict.1 9 | 6607.56 (91) | 0.975 | 0.975 | 0.088 | 0.021 | 2396.05 (9) | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.014 | 0.008 | |
Strict.2 9 1–2, 2–3, 2–4 | 6696.86 (94) | 0.975 | 0.976 | 0.087 | 0.021 | 2485.35 (12) | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.013 | 0.007 | |
Means comparison | 7328.12 (95) | 0.972 | 0.974 | 0.091 | 0.071 | 631.27 (1) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.002 | |
GA | |||||||||||
Configural | 371.78 (10) | 0.995 | 0.991 | 0.063 | 0.008 | ||||||
Metric | 555.98 (14) | 0.993 | 0.990 | 0.065 | 0.024 | 184.20 (4) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 | |
Strong | 568.95 (18) | 0.993 | 0.992 | 0.058 | 0.024 | 12.97 (4) | 0.011 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.002 | |
Strict | 1160.86 (23) | 0.986 | 0.988 | 0.073 | 0.031 | 591.91 (5) | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.015 | 0.004 | |
Means comparison | 3240.17 (24) | 0.96 | 0.967 | 0.121 | 0.17 | 2079.31 (1) | 0.000 | 0.026 | 0.048 | 0.021 | |
Note. MDE = Major Depressive Episode, GA = Generalized Anxiety, X2 = Chi-Square, df = degree freedom, CFI = Comparative Fit Index, TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index, RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Ap-proximation, SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, ΔX2 (Δdf) = Chi Square subtraction of the model against the previous one (degree freedom subtraction of the model against the previous one), ΔX2’s p-value = p-value subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔCFI = CFI subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔRMSEA = RMSEA subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔTLI = TLI subtraction of the model against the previous one. |
Appendix E
Models | X² (df) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | ΔX² (Δdf) | ΔX²’s p-Value | ΔCFI | ΔRMSEA | ΔTLI |
Reexperiencing | ||||||||||
Configural | 78.60 (8) | 0.996 | 0.990 | 0.056 | 0.011 | |||||
Metric | 81.69 (12) | 0.996 | 0.993 | 0.045 | 0.012 | 3.08 (4) | 0.544 | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.003 |
Strong | 104.58 (16) | 0.995 | 0.994 | 0.044 | 0.016 | 22.89 (4) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Strict | 116.99 (21) | 0.995 | 0.995 | 0.040 | 0.018 | 12.41 (5) | 0.030 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Strict.1 1-4 | 121.14 (22) | 0.994 | 0.995 | 0.040 | 0.017 | 16.56 (6) | 0.011 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Means comparision | 179.65 (23) | 0.991 | 0.992 | 0.049 | 0.044 | 58.51 (1) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.009 | 0.003 |
Avoidance | ||||||||||
Strict | 5.64 (2) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.025 | 0.004 | |||||
Means comparison | 57.18 (3) | 0.989 | 0.992 | 0.080 | 0.047 | 51.55 (1) | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.055 | 0.007 |
NACM | ||||||||||
Configural | 402.21 (22) | 0.987 | 0.976 | 0.078 | 0.015 | |||||
Metric | 406.75 (28) | 0.988 | 0.981 | 0.069 | 0.017 | 4.54 (6) | 0.604 | 0.001 | 0.009 | 0.005 |
Strong | 427.70 (34) | 0.987 | 0.984 | 0.064 | 0.018 | 20.96 (6) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Strict | 453.74 (41) | 0.986 | 0.986 | 0.059 | 0.019 | 26.03 (7) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Strict.1 1–3, 3–4, 2–6 | 455.92 (44) | 0.986 | 0.987 | 0.057 | 0.018 | 28.21 (10) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Means comparison | 502.89 (45) | 0.985 | 0.986 | 0.060 | 0.036 | 46.97 (1) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Hyperarousal | ||||||||||
Configural | 230.22 (16) | 0.988 | 0.978 | 0.068 | 0.016 | |||||
Metric | 239.17 (21) | 0.988 | 0.983 | 0.060 | 0.019 | 8.95 (5) | 0.111 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.005 |
Strong | 318.49 (26) | 0.984 | 0.982 | 0.063 | 0.022 | 79.32 (5) | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Strict | 341.40 (32) | 0.983 | 0.984 | 0.058 | 0.023 | 22.91 (6) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Strict.1 4–5 | 341.41 (33) | 0.983 | 0.985 | 0.057 | 0.023 | 22.91 (7) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Means comparison | 395.78 (34) | 0.98 | 0.983 | 0.061 | 0.04 | 54.37 (1) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
PTSD | ||||||||||
Configural | 6037.39 (320) | 0.942 | 0.931 | 0.079 | 0.037 | |||||
Metric | 6065.74 (339) | 0.942 | 0.935 | 0.077 | 0.039 | 28.35 (19) | 0.077 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.004 |
Strong | 6182.06 (358) | 0.941 | 0.937 | 0.075 | 0.040 | 116.32 (19) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Strict | 6238.05 (378) | 0.940 | 0.940 | 0.074 | 0.040 | 55.99 (20) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.003 |
Strict.1 | 6254.38 (388) | 0.940 | 0.941 | 0.073 | 0.040 | 72.32 (30) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.004 |
Means comparison | 6314.36 (389) | 0.94 | 0.941 | 0.073 | 0.048 | 59.98 (1) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
MDE | ||||||||||
Configural | 1097.88 (64) | 0.980 | 0.972 | 0.075 | 0.020 | |||||
Metric | 1137.33 (73) | 0.980 | 0.975 | 0.071 | 0.025 | 39.45 (9) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Strong | 1245.42 (82) | 0.978 | 0.976 | 0.070 | 0.027 | 108.09 (9) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Strict | 1276.94 (92) | 0.977 | 0.978 | 0.067 | 0.028 | 31.52 (10) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Strict.1 1–2, 2–3, 2–4 | 1294.53 (95) | 0.977 | 0.978 | 0.066 | 0.028 | 49.11 (13) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Means comparison | 1295.19 (96) | 0.977 | 0.978 | 0.066 | 0.028 | 0.65 (1) | 0.419 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
GA | ||||||||||
Configural | 98.88 (10) | 0.995 | 0.991 | 0.056 | 0.01 | |||||
Metric | 104.80 (14) | 0.995 | 0.993 | 0.048 | 0.013 | 5.93 (4) | 0.205 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Strong | 143.09 (18) | 0.993 | 0.993 | 0.049 | 0.016 | 38.29 (4) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Strict | 160.82 (23) | 0.993 | 0.994 | 0.046 | 0.017 | 17.73 (5) | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Means comparison | 197.00 (24) | 0.991 | 0.992 | 0.05 | 0.033 | 36.18 (1) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Note. NACM = Negative Alterations in Cognitions and Mood, PTSD = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, MDE = Major Depressive Episode, GA = Generalized Anxiety, X2 = Chi-Square, df = degree freedom, CFI = Comparative Fit Index, TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index, RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Ap-proximation, SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, ΔX2 (Δdf) = Chi Square subtraction of the model against the previous one (degree freedom subtraction of the model against the previous one), ΔX2´s p-value = p-value subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔCFI = CFI subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔRMSEA = RMSEA subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔTLI = TLI subtraction of the model against the previous one. |
Appendix F
Models | X² (df) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | ΔX² (Δdf) | ΔX²’s p-Value | ΔCFI | ΔRMSEA | ΔTLI |
Reexperiencing | ||||||||||
Configural | 80.49 (8) | 0.996 | 0.990 | 0.056 | 0.011 | |||||
Metric | 87.44 (12) | 0.996 | 0.993 | 0.047 | 0.014 | 6.95 (4) | 0.139 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.003 |
Strong | 104.88 (16) | 0.995 | 0.994 | 0.044 | 0.016 | 17.44 (4) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Strict | 107.62 (21) | 0.995 | 0.995 | 0.038 | 0.016 | 2.73 (5) | 0.741 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Strict.1 1–4 | 114.48 (22) | 0.995 | 0.995 | 0.038 | 0.016 | 9.6 (6) | 0.143 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.001 |
Means comparision | 124.07 (23) | 0.994 | 0.995 | 0.039 | 0.021 | 9.59 (1) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Avoidance | ||||||||||
Strict | 3.67 (2) | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.017 | 0.004 | |||||
Means comparison | 7.09 (3) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.022 | 0.011 | 3.42 (1) | 0.064 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
NACM | ||||||||||
Configural | 389.96 (22) | 0.988 | 0.977 | 0.077 | 0.015 | |||||
Metric | 398.23 (28) | 0.988 | 0.982 | 0.068 | 0.018 | 8.27 (6) | 0.219 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.005 |
Strong | 411.62 (34) | 0.988 | 0.985 | 0.062 | 0.019 | 13.40 (6) | 0.037 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Strict | 434.34 (41) | 0.987 | 0.987 | 0.058 | 0.019 | 22.72 (7) | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Strict.1 1–3, 3–4, 2–6 | 441.22 (44) | 0.987 | 0.988 | 0.056 | 0.019 | 29.59 (10) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Means comparison | 441.73 (45) | 0.987 | 0.988 | 0.056 | 0.019 | 0.52 (1) | 0.473 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Hyperarousal | ||||||||||
Configural | 233.22 (16) | 0.988 | 0.978 | 0.069 | 0.016 | |||||
Metric | 242.83 (21) | 0.988 | 0.983 | 0.061 | 0.018 | 9.61 (5) | 0.087 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.005 |
Strong | 284.41 (26) | 0.986 | 0.984 | 0.059 | 0.020 | 41.58 (5) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Strict | 290.04 (32) | 0.986 | 0.987 | 0.053 | 0.020 | 5.63 (6) | 0.466 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.003 |
Strict.1 4–5 | 290.42 (33) | 0.986 | 0.987 | 0.052 | 0.020 | 6.01 (7) | 0.539 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Means comparison | 301.84 (34) | 0.985 | 0.987 | 0.053 | 0.025 | 11.42 (1) | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.000 |
PTSD | ||||||||||
Configural | 5959.59 (320) | 0.943 | 0.932 | 0.079 | 0.037 | |||||
Metric | 5985.48 (339) | 0.943 | 0.936 | 0.076 | 0.038 | 25.89 (19) | 0.133 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.004 |
Strong | 6095.98 (358) | 0.942 | 0.938 | 0.075 | 0.038 | 110.50 (19) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Strict | 6131.40 (378) | 0.942 | 0.941 | 0.073 | 0.038 | 35.41 (20) | 0.018 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Strict.1 | 6149.56 (388) | 0.942 | 0.943 | 0.072 | 0.038 | 53.58 (30) | 0.005 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.005 |
Means comparison | 6154.34 (389) | 0.942 | 0.943 | 0.072 | 0.039 | 4.77 (1) | 0.029 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
MDE | ||||||||||
Configural | 1110.58 (64) | 0.980 | 0.972 | 0.076 | 0.020 | |||||
Metric | 1133.28 (73) | 0.980 | 0.975 | 0.071 | 0.023 | 22.70 (9) | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Strong | 1189.32 (82) | 0.979 | 0.977 | 0.069 | 0.024 | 56.04 (9) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Strict | 1205.40 (92) | 0.979 | 0.979 | 0.065 | 0.025 | 16.07 (10) | 0.098 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Strict.1 1–2, 2–3, 2–4 | 1209.07 (95) | 0.979 | 0.980 | 0.064 | 0.025 | 19.74 (13) | 0.102 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Means comparison | 1226.84 (96) | 0.978 | 0.98 | 0.064 | 0.029 | 17.78 (1) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
GA | ||||||||||
Configural | 101.90 (10) | 0.995 | 0.99 | 0.057 | 0.009 | |||||
Metric | 108.09 (14) | 0.995 | 0.993 | 0.048 | 0.012 | 6.20 (4) | 0.185 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.003 |
Strong | 147.36 (18) | 0.993 | 0.992 | 0.050 | 0.016 | 39.27 (4) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Strict | 165.39 (23) | 0.992 | 0.993 | 0.047 | 0.017 | 18.03 (5) | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Means comparison | 209.47 (24) | 0.99 | 0.992 | 0.052 | 0.037 | 44.07 (1) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Note. NACM = Negative Alterations in Cognitions and Mood, PTSD = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, MDE = Major Depressive Episode, GA = Generalized Anxiety, X² = Chi-Square, df = degree freedom, CFI = Comparative Fit Index, TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index, RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Ap-proximation, SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, ΔX²(Δdf) = Chi Square subtraction of the model against the previous one (degree freedom subtraction of the model against the previous one), ΔX²’s p-value= p-value subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔCFI = CFI subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔRMSEA = RMSEA subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔTLI = TLI subtraction of the model against the previous one. |
Appendix G
Models | X² (df) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | ΔX² (Δdf) | Δ X²’s p-value | ΔCFI | ΔRMSEA | ΔTLI |
Reexperiencing | ||||||||||
Configural | 85.93 (8) | 0.995 | 0.989 | 0.058 | 0.011 | |||||
Metric | 90.72 (12) | 0.995 | 0.992 | 0.048 | 0.015 | 4.08 (4) | 0.308 | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.003 |
Strong | 109.12 (16) | 0.995 | 0.993 | 0.045 | 0.018 | 18.40 (4) | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Strict | 135.44 (21) | 0.993 | 0.994 | 0.044 | 0.021 | 26.31 (5) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Strict.1 1–4 | 136.97 (22) | 0.993 | 0.994 | 0.043 | 0.021 | 27.84 (6) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Means comparision | 464.42 (23) | 0.974 | 0.978 | 0.082 | 0.102 | 327.45 (1) | 0.000 | 0.019 | 0.039 | 0.016 |
Avoidance | ||||||||||
Strict | 7.40 (2) | 0.999 | 0.999 | 0.031 | 0.010 | |||||
Means comparison | 293.81 (3) | 0.937 | 0.958 | 0.184 | 0.125 | 286.41 (1) | 0.000 | 0.062 | 0.153 | 0.041 |
NACM | ||||||||||
Configural | 389.85 (22) | 0.987 | 0.976 | 0.077 | 0.016 | |||||
Metric | 415.01 (28) | 0.987 | 0.980 | 0.070 | 0.022 | 25.17 (6) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.004 |
Strong | 444.82 (34) | 0.986 | 0.983 | 0.065 | 0.023 | 29.80 (6) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Strict | 533.19 (41) | 0.983 | 0.983 | 0.065 | 0.027 | 88.37 (7) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Strict.1 1–3, 3–4, 2–6 | 548.74 (44) | 0.983 | 0.983 | 0.063 | 0.027 | 103.92 (10) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Means comparison | 939.36 (45) | 0.969 | 0.971 | 0.083 | 0.104 | 390.62 (1) | 0.000 | 0.014 | 0.020 | 0.012 |
Hyperarousal | ||||||||||
Configural | 239.24 (16) | 0.987 | 0.976 | 0.070 | 0.016 | |||||
Metric | 257.21 (21) | 0.987 | 0.981 | 0.063 | 0.022 | 17.79 (5) | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.005 |
Strong | 287.75 (26) | 0.985 | 0.983 | 0.059 | 0.024 | 30.53 (5) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Strict | 361.08 (32) | 0.981 | 0.982 | 0.060 | 0.028 | 73.34 (6) | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Strict.1 4–5 | 361.26 (33) | 0.981 | 0.983 | 0.059 | 0.028 | 73.52 (7) | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Means comparison | 676.27 (34) | 0.964 | 0.968 | 0.081 | 0.091 | 315.00 (1) | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.022 | 0.015 |
PTSD | ||||||||||
Configural | 5938.49 (320) | 0.941 | 0.930 | 0.078 | 0.038 | |||||
Metric | 6012.07 (339) | 0.940 | 0.933 | 0.077 | 0.043 | 73.58 (19) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.003 |
Strong | 6085.46 (358) | 0.940 | 0.936 | 0.075 | 0.043 | 73.39 (19) | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.003 |
Strict | 6329.21 (378) | 0.937 | 0.937 | 0.074 | 0.044 | 243.74 (20) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Strict.1 | 6367.49 (388) | 0.937 | 0.938 | 0.073 | 0.044 | 282.03 (30) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Means comparison | 6783.51 (389) | 0.932 | 0.934 | 0.076 | 0.083 | 416.02 (1) | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.004 |
MDE | ||||||||||
Configural | 1106.35 (64) | 0.980 | 0.972 | 0.076 | 0.020 | |||||
Metric | 1146.92 (73) | 0.979 | 0.974 | 0.072 | 0.025 | 40.56 (9) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Strong | 1230.37 (82) | 0.978 | 0.976 | 0.070 | 0.026 | 83.46 (9) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Strict | 1252.41 (92) | 0.978 | 0.978 | 0.066 | 0.027 | 22.04 (10) | 0.015 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Strict.1 1–2, 2–3, 2–4 | 1255.51 (95) | 0.978 | 0.979 | 0.065 | 0.027 | 25.14 (13) | 0.022 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Means comparison | 1259.82 (96) | 0.978 | 0.979 | 0.065 | 0.028 | 4.31 (1) | 0.038 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
GA | ||||||||||
Configural | 92.88 (10) | 0.995 | 0.991 | 0.054 | 0.01 | |||||
Metric | 109.64 (14) | 0.995 | 0.992 | 0.049 | 0.017 | 16.76 (4) | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Strong | 140.34 (18) | 0.993 | 0.992 | 0.049 | 0.020 | 30.70 (4) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Strict | 169.61 (23) | 0.992 | 0.993 | 0.047 | 0.022 | 29.26 (5) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Means comparison | 473.48 (24) | 0.975 | 0.979 | 0.081 | 0.097 | 303.88 (1) | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.034 | 0.014 |
Note. NACM = Negative Alterations in Cognitions and Mood, PTSD = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, MDE = Major Depressive Episode, GA = Generalized Anxiety, X² = Chi-Square, df = degree freedom, CFI = Comparative Fit Index, TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index, RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Ap-proximation, SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, ΔX²(Δdf) = Chi Square subtraction of the model against the previous one (degree freedom subtraction of the model against the previous one), ΔX²’s p-value= p-value subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔCFI = CFI subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔRMSEA = RMSEA subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔTLI = TLI subtraction of the model against the previous one. |
Appendix H
Models | X² (df) | CFI | TLI | RMSEA | SRMR | ΔX² (Δdf) | ΔX²’s p-Value | ΔCFI | ΔRMSEA | ΔTLI |
Reexperiencing | ||||||||||
Configural | 82.84 (8) | 0.995 | 0.987 | 0.057 | 0.013 | |||||
Metric | 103.00 (12) | 0.994 | 0.990 | 0.052 | 0.022 | 20.17 (4) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 0.003 |
Strong | 105.86 (16) | 0.994 | 0.992 | 0.044 | 0.024 | 2.85 (4) | 0.583 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Strict.2 B2, B5 | 200.83 (19) | 0.988 | 0.987 | 0.058 | 0.031 | 94.97 (3) | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.014 | 0.005 |
Strict.2 B2, B5 1–4 | 203.00 (20) | 0.988 | 0.988 | 0.057 | 0.032 | 97.14 (4) | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.013 | 0.004 |
Means comparision | 1343.17 (21) | 0.911 | 0.915 | 0.148 | 0.260 | 1140.17 (1) | 0.000 | 0.077 | 0.091 | 0.073 |
Avoidance | ||||||||||
Strict.1 C2 | 8.30 (1) | 0.998 | 0.997 | 0.051 | 0.014 | |||||
Means comparison | 919.49 (2) | 0.780 | 0.780 | 0.401 | 0.259 | 911.19 (1) | 0.000 | 0.218 | 0.350 | 0.217 |
NACM | ||||||||||
Configural | 381.75 (22) | 0.985 | 0.971 | 0.076 | 0.020 | |||||
Metric.1 D2 | 530.59 (27) | 0.978 | 0.966 | 0.081 | 0.047 | 148.84 (5) | 0.000 | 0.007 | 0.005 | 0.005 |
Strong.1 D2 | 541.03 (32) | 0.978 | 0.971 | 0.075 | 0.048 | 10.44 (5) | 0.064 | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.005 |
Strict.4 D1 D2 D6 D7 | 695.33 (35) | 0.972 | 0.966 | 0.081 | 0.051 | 154.30 (3) | 0.000 | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.005 |
Strict.4 D1 D2 D6 D7 1–3, 3–4, 2–6 | 776.16 (38) | 0.968 | 0.965 | 0.082 | 0.052 | 235.13 (6) | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.007 | 0.006 |
Means comparison | 2079.98 (39) | 0.912 | 0.906 | 0.135 | 0.319 | 1303.83 (1) | 0.000 | 0.056 | 0.053 | 0.059 |
Hyperarousal | ||||||||||
Configural | 264.38 (16) | 0.982 | 0.966 | 0.074 | 0.023 | |||||
Metric.1 E4 | 400.38 (20) | 0.972 | 0.958 | 0.082 | 0.046 | 136.01 (4) | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.008 |
Strong.1 E4 | 455.68 (24) | 0.968 | 0.960 | 0.079 | 0.052 | 55.30 (4) | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Strict.4 E2 E3 E4 E6 | 529.14 (26) | 0.963 | 0.957 | 0.082 | 0.055 | 73.46 (2) | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.003 |
Strict.4 E2 E3 E4 E6 4–5 | 529.14 (27) | 0.963 | 0.959 | 0.081 | 0.055 | 73.46 (3) | 0.000 | 0.005 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Means comparison | 1800.44 (28) | 0.869 | 0.86 | 0.149 | 0.303 | 1271.3 (1) | 0.000 | 0.094 | 0.068 | 0.099 |
PTSD | ||||||||||
Configural | 5732.45 (320) | 0.931 | 0.918 | 0.077 | 0.045 | |||||
Metric.1 E6 | 6485.84 (338) | 0.922 | 0.912 | 0.080 | 0.081 | 753.39 (18) | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
Strong.1 E6 | 6657.60 (356) | 0.920 | 0.914 | 0.079 | 0.084 | 171.75 (18) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Strict.10 E1, 2, 3, 6 B2, 3, D1,4,6,7 | 7284.23 (366) | 0.912 | 0.909 | 0.081 | 0.092 | 626.63 (10) | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.005 |
Strict.10.1 E1, 2, 3, 6 B2, 3, D1,4,6,7 | 7456.46 (376) | 0.910 | 0.909 | 0.081 | 0.091 | 798.86 (20) | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.002 | 0.005 |
Means comparison | 8772.77 (377) | 0.893 | 0.892 | 0.088 | 0.337 | 1316.31 (1) | 0.000 | 0.017 | 0.007 | 0.017 |
MDE | ||||||||||
Configural | 1170.85 (64) | 0.978 | 0.969 | 0.078 | 0.022 | |||||
Metric | 1203.49 (73) | 0.977 | 0.972 | 0.074 | 0.026 | 32.65 (9) | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.003 |
Strong | 1359.00 (82) | 0.974 | 0.973 | 0.074 | 0.029 | 155.51 (9) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Strict | 1868.53 (92) | 0.964 | 0.965 | 0.082 | 0.032 | 509.53(10) | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.008 |
Strict.1 1–2, 2–3, 2–4 | 1909.30 (95) | 0.964 | 0.966 | 0.082 | 0.031 | 550.29 (13) | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.008 | 0.007 |
Means comparison | 1983.01 (96) | 0.962 | 0.965 | 0.083 | 0.049 | 73.72 (1) | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
GA | ||||||||||
Configural | 110.99 (10) | 0.994 | 0.987 | 0.059 | 0.011 | |||||
Metric | 163.04 (14) | 0.991 | 0.987 | 0.061 | 0.028 | 52.05 (4) | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Strong | 175.07 (18) | 0.990 | 0.989 | 0.055 | 0.030 | 12.03 (4) | 0.017 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 0.002 |
Strict | 249.23 (23) | 0.986 | 0.988 | 0.059 | 0.039 | 74.16 (5) | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Means comparison | 1069.56 (24) | 0.934 | 0.945 | 0.124 | 0.196 | 820.33 (1) | 0.000 | 0.052 | 0.065 | 0.043 |
Note. NACM = Negative Alterations in Cognitions and Mood, PTSD = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, MDE = Major Depressive Episode, GA = Generalized Anxiety, X² = Chi-Square, df = degree freedom, CFI = Comparative Fit Index, TLI = Tucker-Lewis Index, RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Ap-proximation, SRMR = Standardized Root Mean Square Residual, ΔX²(Δdf) = Chi Square subtraction of the model against the previous one (degree freedom subtraction of the model against the previous one), Δ X²’s p-value= p-value subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔCFI = CFI subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔRMSEA = RMSEA subtraction of the model against the previous one, ΔTLI = TLI subtraction of the model against the previous one. |
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Men | Women | Total | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||||
6261 | 33.90 | 12,188 | 66.10 | 18,449 | 100% | ||||||
Age Average (M) | Standard Deviation (SD) | Age Average (M) | Standard Deviation (SD) | Age Average (M) | Standard Deviation (SD) | ||||||
33.60 * | 11.15 | 33.15 | 10.93 | 33.30 | 11.00 | ||||||
Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
5081 | 81.15 | 1180 | 18.85 | 9809 | 80.48 | 2379 | 19.52 | 14,890 | 80.71 | 3559 | 19.29 |
Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD |
33.35 * | 11.33 | 34.65 | 10.23 | 32.71 * | 11.04 | 34.95 | 10.25 | 32.93 | 11.15 | 34.85 | 10.25 |
Non psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | Non psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | Non psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
5494 | 87.75 | 767 | 12.25 | 10,249 | 84.09 | 1939 | 15.91 | 15,743 | 85.33 | 2706 | 14.67 |
Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD |
33.82 | 11.18 | 31.99 | 10.78 | 33.47 | 10.89 | 31.43 | 10.99 | 33.59 * | 10.99 | 31.59 | 10.93 |
Non violence experience | Violence experience | Non violence experience | Violence experience | Non violence experience | Violence experience | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
4842 | 77.34 | 1419 | 22.66 | 7895 | 64.78 | 4293 | 35.22 | 12,737 | 69.04 | 5712 | 30.96 |
Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD |
34.2 | 11.28 | 31.52 | 10.42 | 34.04 | 11.03 | 31.5 | 10.55 | 34.1 * | 11.12 | 31.51 | 10.51 |
Men | Women | Violence Experience Condition | |||||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||||
1419 | 24.80 | 4293 | 75.20 | 5712 | 100% | ||||||
Age Average (M) | Standard Deviation (SD) | Age Average (M) | Standard Deviation (SD) | Age Average (M) | Standard Deviation (SD) | ||||||
31.52 | 10.42 | 31.50 | 10.55 | 31.51 | 10.51 | ||||||
Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
1123 | 79.10 | 296 | 20.90 | 3445 | 80.20 | 848 | 19.80 | 4568 | 80.00 | 1144 | 20.00 |
Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD |
31.12 | 10.38 | 33.07 | 10.42 | 31.14 | 10.70 | 32.95 | 9.78 | 31.14 * | 10.62 | 32.98 | 9.95 |
Non psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | Non psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | Non psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
1076 | 75.80 | 343 | 24.20 | 3155 | 73.50 | 1138 | 26.50 | 4231 | 74.10 | 1481 | 25.90 |
Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD |
31.73 | 10.41 | 30.87 | 10.42 | 31.79 | 10.54 | 30.69 | 10..53 | 31.78 | 10.51 | 30.73 | 10.50 |
Less than one month of bothering symptoms | More than one month of bothering symptoms | Less than one month of bothering symptoms | More than one month of bothering symptoms | Less than one month of bothering symptoms | More than one month of bothering symptoms | ||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
443 | 31.20 | 976 | 68.80 | 1062 | 24.70 | 3231 | 75.30 | 1505 | 26.30 | 4207 | 73.70 |
Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD | Age (M) | SD |
33.11 | 10.94 | 30.8 | 10.09 | 32.68 | 11.02 | 31.11 | 10.36 | 32.81 | 11.00 | 31.04 | 10.30 |
n= | X² | df | p≤ | RMSEA | Confident Interval | SRMR | CFI | TLI | Cronbach´Alpha | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDE | 18,449 | 2643.99 | 32 | 0.001 | 0.067 | 0.064–0.069 | 0.023 | 0.975 | 0.965 | 0.92 |
GA | 350.57 | 5 | 0.001 | 0.061 | 0.056–0.067 | 0.007 | 0.996 | 0.992 | 0.94 | |
MDE | 5712 | 771.018 | 32 | 0.001 | 0.064 | 0.060–0.068 | 0.026 | 0.972 | 0.960 | 0.90 |
GA | 87.133 | 5 | 0.001 | 0.054 | 0.044–0.064 | 0.009 | 0.996 | 0.991 | 0.91 | |
PTSD | 5648.340 | 161 | 0.001 | 0.077 | 0.076–0.079 | 0.040 | 0.935 | 0.924 | 0.96 |
n= | TOTAL | ANOVA | Cohen’s d Effect Size | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dimension | Men | Women | ||||||
M | SD | M | SD | F(1, 18,447) | p-Value | |||
18,449 | MDE | 2.20 | 3.14 | 3.31 | 3.51 | 443.46 | 0.000 | −0.073 |
GA | 39.30 | 34.59 | 50.90 | 34.26 | 470.83 | 0.000 | −0.173 | |
Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | ANOVA | Cohen’s d effect size | |||||
M | SD | M | SD | F(1, 18,447) | p-value | |||
MDE | 2.87 | 3.43 | 3.21 | 3.41 | 28.41 | 0.000 | −0.157 | |
GA | 44.12 | 34.65 | 58.86 | 32.89 | 530.01 | 0.000 | −0.213 | |
Non Psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | ANOVA | Cohen’s d effect size | |||||
M | SD | M | SD | F(1, 18,447) | p-value | |||
MDE | 2.54 | 3.26 | 5.21 | 3.51 | 1507.38 | 0.000 | −0.198 | |
GA | 42.94 | 34.20 | 70.36 | 28.55 | 1552.48 | 0.000 | −0.415 | |
Non violence experience | Violence experience | ANOVA | Cohen’s d effect size | |||||
M | SD | M | SD | F(1, 18,447) | p-value | |||
MDE | 2.11 | 3.04 | 4.77 | 3.54 | 2723.96 | 0.000 | −0.190 | |
GA | 39.62 | 34.35 | 63.34 | 29.89 | 2031.71 | 0.000 | −0.356 | |
Total | ||||||||
M | SD | |||||||
MDE | 2.93 | 3.43 | ||||||
GA | 46.96 | 34.81 | ||||||
n= | Dimension | Violence Experiences Sample´s Groups | ANOVA | Cohen’s d Effect Size | ||||
Men | Women | |||||||
M | SD | M | SD | F(1, 5710) | p-Value | |||
5712 | Rexperimentation | 7.86 | 5.33 | 9.15 | 5.28 | 63.53 | 0.000 | −0.124 |
Avoidance | 3.25 | 2.38 | 3.75 | 2.31 | 48.02 | 0.000 | −0.114 | |
NACM | 12.45 | 7.95 | 14.02 | 7.62 | 44.77 | 0.000 | −0.111 | |
HyperArousal | 10.51 | 6.58 | 11.90 | 6.20 | 51.93 | 0.000 | −0.122 | |
PTSD | 34.07 | 20.60 | 38.83 | 19.63 | 61.01 | 0.000 | −0.123 | |
MDE | 4.19 | 3.56 | 4.96 | 3.51 | 50.92 | 0.000 | −0.013 | |
GA | 59.30 | 30.97 | 64.67 | 29.41 | 34.54 | 0.000 | −0.097 | |
Non COVID-19 Status | COVID-19 Status | ANOVA | Cohen’s d effect size | |||||
M | SD | M | SD | F(1, 5710) | p-value | |||
Rexperimentation | 8.73 | 5.34 | 9.26 | 5.22 | 9.32 | 0.002 | −0.053 | |
Avoidance | 3.60 | 2.35 | 3.72 | 2.30 | 2.24 | 0.134 | −0.031 | |
NACM | 13.59 | 7.77 | 13.79 | 7.57 | 0.631 | 0.427 | −0.012 | |
HyperArousal | 11.42 | 6.33 | 12.12 | 6.26 | 11.34 | 0.001 | −0.059 | |
PTSD | 37.34 | 20.06 | 38.89 | 19.63 | 5.57 | 0.018 | −0.036 | |
MDE | 4.77 | 3.54 | 4.75 | 3.53 | 0.04 | 0.839 | −0.071 | |
GA | 61.99 | 30.16 | 68.70 | 28.16 | 46.44 | 0.000 | −0.112 | |
Non Psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | ANOVA | Cohen’s d effect size | |||||
M | SD | M | SD | F(1, 5710) | p-value | |||
Rexperimentation | 8.10 | 5.20 | 10.93 | 5.09 | 329.49 | 0.000 | −0.279 | |
Avoidance | 3.32 | 2.31 | 4.50 | 2.20 | 293.01 | 0.000 | −0.273 | |
NACM | 12.49 | 7.66 | 16.89 | 6.98 | 378.28 | 0.000 | −0.293 | |
HyperArousal | 10.74 | 6.33 | 13.89 | 5.70 | 284.72 | 0.000 | −0.270 | |
PTSD | 34.65 | 19.79 | 46.21 | 17.93 | 392.22 | 0.000 | −0.297 | |
MDE | 4.36 | 3.52 | 5.95 | 3.34 | 230.45 | 0.000 | −0.030 | |
GA | 59.68 | 30.37 | 73.78 | 25.79 | 254.7 | 0.000 | −0.262 | |
Less than one month bothering | More than one month bothering | ANOVA | Cohen’s d effect size | |||||
M | SD | M | SD | F(1, 5710) | p-value | |||
Rexperimentation | 4.98 | 4.67 | 10.21 | 4.84 | 1319.49 | 0.000 | −0.543 | |
Avoidance | 2.08 | 2.07 | 4.18 | 2.18 | 1048.65 | 0.000 | −0.472 | |
NACM | 6.92 | 7.18 | 16.03 | 6.39 | 2109.91 | 0.000 | −0.597 | |
HyperArousal | 6.04 | 5.99 | 13.53 | 5.17 | 2133.61 | 0.000 | −0.602 | |
PTSD | 20.03 | 18.67 | 43.95 | 16.32 | 2202.7 | 0.000 | −0.592 | |
MDE | 2.18 | 2.91 | 5.70 | 3.28 | 1349.02 | 0.000 | −0.145 | |
GA | 42.51 | 31.17 | 70.79 | 25.60 | 1199.85 | 0.000 | −0.463 | |
Total | ||||||||
M | SD | |||||||
Rexperimentation | 8.83 | 5.32 | ||||||
Avoidance | 3.62 | 2.34 | ||||||
NACM | 13.63 | 7.73 | ||||||
HyperArousal | 11.56 | 6.32 | ||||||
PTSD | 37.65 | 19.98 | ||||||
MDE | 4.77 | 3.54 | ||||||
GA | 63.34 | 29.89 |
Total | Violence Experience Sample | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDE | |||||||
n | % | n | % | ||||
5179 | 28.10% | 2764 | 48.40% | ||||
Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
1265 | 20.20 | 3914 | 32.10 | 591 | 41.60 | 2173 | 50.60 |
Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
4150 | 27.90 | 1029 | 28.90 | 2239 | 49.00 | 525 | 45.90 |
Non psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | Non psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
3728 | 23.70 | 1451 | 53.60 | 1837 | 43.40 | 927 | 62.60 |
Non violence experience | Violence experience | Less than one month of bothering symptoms | More than one month of bothering symptoms | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
2415 | 19.00 | 2764 | 48.40 | 263 | 17.50 | 2501 | 59.40 |
GA | |||||||
n | % | n | % | ||||
7807 | 42.30% | 3524 | 61.70% | ||||
Men | Women | Men | Women | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
2091 | 33.40 | 5716 | 46.90 | 790 | 55.70 | 2734 | 63.70 |
Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
5776 | 38.80 | 2031 | 57.10 | 2733 | 59.80 | 791 | 69.10 |
Non psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | Non psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
5852 | 37.2 | 1955 | 72.20 | 2385 | 56.40 | 1139 | 76.90 |
Non violence experience | Violence experience | Less than one month of bothering symptoms | More than one month of bothering symptoms | ||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % |
4283 | 33.60 | 3524 | 61.70 | 498 | 33.10 | 3026 | 71.90 |
PTSD | |||||||
n | % | ||||||
2858 | 50.00% | ||||||
Men | Women | ||||||
n | % | n | % | ||||
627 | 44.20 | 2231 | 52.00 | ||||
Non COVID-19 status | COVID-19 status | ||||||
n | % | n | % | ||||
2259 | 49.50 | 599 | 52.40 | ||||
Non psychological care-seeking | Psychological care-seeking | ||||||
n | % | n | % | ||||
1880 | 44.40 | 978 | 66.00 | ||||
Less than one month of bothering symptoms | More than one month of bothering symptoms | ||||||
n | % | n | % | ||||
0 | 0.00 | 2858 | 67.90 |
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Morales Chainé, S.; Robles García, R.; Bosch, A.; Treviño Santa Cruz, C.L. Depressive, Anxious, and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Related to Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic, by Sex, COVID-19 Status, and Intervention-Seeking Conditions among the General Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912559
Morales Chainé S, Robles García R, Bosch A, Treviño Santa Cruz CL. Depressive, Anxious, and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Related to Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic, by Sex, COVID-19 Status, and Intervention-Seeking Conditions among the General Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912559
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorales Chainé, Silvia, Rebeca Robles García, Alejandro Bosch, and Claudia Lydia Treviño Santa Cruz. 2022. "Depressive, Anxious, and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms Related to Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic, by Sex, COVID-19 Status, and Intervention-Seeking Conditions among the General Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912559