Life-Space Mobility and Objectively Measured Movement Behavior in Older Adults with Hypertension after Receiving COVID-19 Vaccination
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Epidemiological Scenario before and after COVID-19 Vaccination
2.4. Study Procedures
2.5. Housing Characteristics
2.6. Objectively Measured Movement Behavior
2.7. Life-Space Mobility
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Changes in Life-Space Mobility after COVID-19 Vaccination
3.3. Moderating the Effect of Housing Type on Objectively Measured Changes in Movement Behavior after COVID-19 Vaccination
3.4. Objectively Measured Changes in the Volume of Movement Behavior after COVID-19 Vaccination
3.5. Objectively Measured Changes in the Movement Behavior Pattern after COVID-19 Vaccination
3.6. Associations of Changes in Life-Space Mobility with Objectively Measured Changes in Movement Behavior
4. Discussion
Practical Applications and Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Detached House | Apartment/ Row House | p a | Overall | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 17 (53.1) | 15 (46.9) | 32 | |
Age, yrs | 67.5 ± 4.5 | 66.5 ± 3.5 | 0.467 | 67.0 ± 4.0 |
Female, (%) | 9 (52.9) | 12 (80.0) | 0.147 | 21 (65.6) |
Living with a partner, (%) | 9 (52.9) | 7 (46.7) | 1.000 | 16 (50.0) |
Living with grandchildren, (%) | 5 (29.4) | 2 (13.3) | 0.402 | 7 (21.9) |
Post-secondary education, (%) | 4 (23.5) | 3 (20.0) | 1.000 | 7 (21.9) |
Employment status, (%) | ||||
Employed (home office) | 4 (23.5) | 6 (40.0) | 0.450 | 10 (31.3) |
Retired | 13 (76.5) | 9 (60.0) | 22 (68.8) | |
Per capita income, (%) | ||||
<1 MWS | 4 (23.5) | 4 (26.7) | 0.906 | 8 (25.0) |
1–2 MWS | 7 (41.2) | 7 (46.7) | 14 (43.8) | |
>2 MWS | 6 (35.3) | 4 (26.7) | 10 (31.3) | |
Income sufficiency (suitable/very good), (%) | 12 (70.6) | 8 (53.3) | 0.467 | 20 (62.5) |
Ex-smoker, (%) | 6 (35.3) | 2 (13.3) | 0.229 | 8 (25.0) |
Physically inactive, (%) | 12 (70.6) | 13 (86.7) | 0.402 | 25 (78.1) |
Type 2 diabetes, (%) | 9 (52.9) | 4 (26.7) | 0.166 | 13 (40.6) |
Dyslipidemia, (%) | 7 (41.2) | 6 (40.0) | 1.000 | 13 (40.6) |
Hypertension diagnosis, yrs | 15.4 ± 11.9 | 10.8 ± 4.0 | 0.121 | 13.3 ± 9.3 |
COVID-19 infected, (%) | 6 (35.3) | 4 (26.7) | 0.712 | 10 (31.3) |
COVID-19 vaccine, (%) | ||||
CoronaVac | 12 (70.6) | 9 (60.0) | 0.450 | 21 (65.6) |
AstraZeneca/Oxford | 4 (23.5) | 6 (40.0) | 10 (31.3) | |
Pfizer | 1 (5.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.1) | |
Partially vaccinated, (%) | 6 (35.3) | 5 (33.3) | 1.000 | 11 (34.4) |
Fully vaccinated, (%) | 11 (64.7) | 10 (66.7) | 21 (65.6) | |
Household size, (%) | ||||
1–2 persons | 11 (64.7) | 10 (66.7) | 1.000 | 21 (65.6) |
3+ persons | 6 (35.3) | 5 (33.3) | 11 (34.4) | |
Housing surface area, m2 | 284 ± 103 | 115 ± 69 | <0.001 | 205 ± 123 |
Housing surface area, (%) | ||||
≤105 m2 | 1 (5.9) | 10 (66.7) | <0.001 | 11 (34.4) |
106–249 m2 | 7 (41.2) | 5 (33.3) | 12 (37.5) | |
≥250 m2 | 9 (52.9) | 0 (0.0) | 9 (28.1) |
Detached House | Apartment/Row House | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
June 2020 | July 2021 | June 2020 | July 2021 | |||||
EMM (95% CI) | EMM (95% CI) | β (95% CI) a | p | EMM (95% CI) | EMM (95% CI) | β (95% CI) a | p | |
SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR | ||||||||
Weekdays | ||||||||
Sedentary, wear time % | 69.5 (65.5, 73.5) | 69.5 (66.6, 72.3) | −0.1 (−3.5, 3.4) | 0.970 | 73.9 (70.1, 77.6) | 70.1 (66.3, 74) | −3.7 (−6.5, −1) | 0.008 |
Sedentary, min/day | 687 (648, 727) | 688 (660, 716) | 1 (−36, 38) | 0.963 | 728 (693, 764) | 698 (659, 737) | −31 (−62, 0) | 0.052 |
Weekend | ||||||||
Sedentary, wear time % | 70.2 (65.5, 74.8) | 69.8 (65.4, 74.3) | −0.3 (−4.7, 4.1) | 0.890 | 74.9 (69.5, 80.3) | 68.3 (64.9, 71.7) | −6.6 (−11.3, −1.9) | 0.007 |
Sedentary, min/day | 660 (618, 702) | 660 (616, 704) | −1 (−44, 43) | 0.976 | 706 (657, 755) | 645 (614, 676) | −61 (−104, −17) | 0.007 |
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY | ||||||||
Weekdays | ||||||||
Light PA, wear time % | 28.8 (25.5, 32.1) | 28.6 (25.6, 31.5) | −0.2 (−3.6, 3.2) | 0.903 | 25.1 (21.3, 28.9) | 28.6 (25, 32.1) | 3.5 (0.9, 6) | 0.009 |
Light PA, min/day | 286 (254, 319) | 283 (254, 313) | −3 (−38, 32) | 0.869 | 251 (214, 288) | 281 (245, 316) | 29 (0, 59) | 0.053 |
MVPA, wear time % | 1.7 (0.7, 2.6) | 2 (1.3, 2.6) | 0.3 (−0.6, 1.2) | 0.538 | 1 (0.1, 1.9) | 1.3 (0.4, 2.2) | 0.3 (−0.2, 0.8) | 0.268 |
MVPA, min/day | 17.3 (7.7, 26.9) | 18.7 (12.9, 24.5) | 1.4 (−7.5, 10.4) | 0.753 | 11.1 (1.9, 20.4) | 11.9 (2.9, 21) | 0.8 (−5.1, 6.7) | 0.788 |
Steps/day | 5556 (4103, 7008) | 5787 (4773, 6800) | 231 (−876, 1339) | 0.678 | 4222 (3152, 5292) | 5038 (3686, 6389) | 816 (−173, 1804) | 0.104 |
Weekend | ||||||||
Light PA, wear time % | 28.9 (24.7, 33) | 28.9 (24.5, 33.2) | 0 (−4.1, 4.2) | 0.995 | 24.5 (19, 29.9) | 31 (27.7, 34.3) | 6.5 (1.7, 11.3) | 0.008 |
Light PA, min/day | 277 (240, 314) | 275 (232, 318) | −2 (−44, 40) | 0.931 | 235 (185, 284) | 295 (265, 325) | 61 (16, 106) | 0.009 |
MVPA, wear time % | 1 (0.4, 1.7) | 1.3 (0.5, 2) | 0.3 (−0.5, 1) | 0.462 | 0.6 (0, 1.3) | 0.7 (0.3, 1.1) | 0 (−0.3, 0.4) | 0.815 |
MVPA, min/day | 9.9 (3.7, 16) | 11.9 (4.8, 19) | 1.3 (−3.3, 6) | 0.520 | 6.7 (−0.3, 13.7) | 6.5 (2.4, 10.6) | −0.2 (−4.4, 3.9) | 0.911 |
Steps/day | 4451 (3519, 5383) | 4976 (3775, 6178) | 525 (−430, 1480) | 0.275 | 3484 (2404, 4564) | 4460 (3551, 5369) | 976 (−109, 2061) | 0.077 |
Detached House | Apartment/Row House | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
June 2020 | July 2021 | June 2020 | July 2021 | |||||
EMM (95% CI) | EMM (95% CI) | β (95% CI) a | p | EMM (95% CI) | EMM (95% CI) | β (95% CI) a | p | |
SEDENTARY BEHAVIOR | ||||||||
Weekdays | ||||||||
Sedentary bouts ≥ 10 min, bouts/day | 20.1 (18.1, 22.1) | 19.7 (18.4, 20.9) | −0.4 (−2.6, 1.7) | 0.692 | 21.3 (19.8, 22.7) | 20.1 (18.6, 21.7) | −1.1 (−2.7, 0.4) | 0.158 |
Sedentary bouts ≥ 30 min, bouts/day | 3.9 (3.4, 4.5) | 4.3 (3.5, 5.1) | 0.4 (−0.5, 1.3) | 0.435 | 5.1 (4.2, 6) | 4.7 (4, 5.3) | −0.4 (−1.2, 0.3) | 0.260 |
Sedentary bouts ≥ 10 min, min/day | 441 (394, 489) | 450 (408, 493) | 9 (−41, 59) | 0.721 | 502 (448, 556) | 466 (417, 514) | −37 (−82, 9) | 0.113 |
Sedentary bouts ≥ 30 min, min/day | 184 (158, 210) | 205 (165, 245) | 21 (−19, 62) | 0.299 | 241 (192, 290) | 215 (180, 250) | −26 (−63, 11) | 0.162 |
Length of sedentary bouts, min/day | 6.8 (6.2, 7.5) | 6.8 (6, 7.6) | 0 (−0.8, 0.7) | 0.940 | 7.8 (6.8, 8.7) | 6.9 (6.3, 7.6) | −0.9 (−1.6, −0.1) | 0.020 |
Breaks ≥ 1 min, breaks/day | 102 (96, 109) | 104 (95, 112) | 1.1 (−6.5, 8.8) | 0.770 | 98 (89, 106) | 102 (96, 108) | 4.4 (−1.4, 10.2) | 0.133 |
Breaks ≥ 5 min, breaks/day | 16.6 (13.2, 20) | 17.1 (14.2, 19.9) | 0.5 (−2.1, 3) | 0.713 | 12.9 (9.7, 16.1) | 16.3 (13.2, 19.4) | 3.5 (0.7, 6.2) | 0.015 |
Break rate ≥ 1 min, breaks/h | 6.2 (5.8, 6.6) | 6.3 (5.8, 6.8) | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.6) | 0.675 | 5.9 (5.4, 6.4) | 6.2 (5.8, 6.5) | 0.3 (−0.1, 0.6) | 0.119 |
Break rate ≥ 5 min, breaks/h | 1 (0.8, 1.2) | 1 (0.9, 1.2) | 0 (−0.1, 0.2) | 0.602 | 0.8 (0.6, 1) | 1 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.009 |
Weekend | ||||||||
Sedentary bouts ≥ 10 min, bouts/day | 20.3 (18.2, 22.4) | 18.7 (16.6, 20.7) | −1.6 (−3.7, 0.4) | 0.120 | 20.3 (18.2, 22.5) | 18.1 (16.2, 19.9) | −2.2 (−4.3, −0.1) | 0.036 |
Sedentary bouts ≥ 30 min, bouts/day | 4.2 (3.1, 5.2) | 4.9 (3.7, 6.1) | 0.7 (−0.6, 2.1) | 0.287 | 4.9 (3.6, 6.1) | 3.4 (2.7, 4.1) | −1.4 (−2.6, −0.3) | 0.012 |
Sedentary bouts ≥ 10 min, min/day | 448 (398, 499) | 439 (376, 502) | −9 (−60, 42) | 0.725 | 486 (422, 551) | 392 (346, 438) | −94 (−155, −33) | 0.003 |
Sedentary bouts ≥ 30 min, min/day | 189 (139, 239) | 216 (161, 271) | 27 (−24, 78) | 0.294 | 235 (171, 300) | 157 (123, 190) | −79 (−137, −21) | 0.008 |
Length of sedentary bouts, min/day | 7.3 (6.4, 8.2) | 7.3 (6.2, 8.3) | 0 (−0.8, 0.7) | 0.942 | 7.9 (6.7, 9.1) | 6.3 (5.6, 7) | −1.6 (−2.9, −0.3) | 0.014 |
Breaks ≥ 1 min, breaks/day | 93.8 (87.2, 100.3) | 95.2 (88, 102.5) | 1.5 (5.8, 8.5) | 0.680 | 93.4 (84, 102.9) | 106.7 (97.7, 115.7) | 13.3 (3.1, 23.4) | 0.011 |
Breaks ≥ 5 min, breaks/day | 15.3 (12.4, 18.2) | 15.8 (12.1, 19.6) | 0.5 (−2.6, 3.7) | 0.729 | 10.9 (7.6, 14.3) | 17.4 (14.8, 20.1) | 6.5 (3.1, 9.8) | <0.001 |
Break rate ≥ 1 min, breaks/h | 5.9 (5.5, 6.4) | 6 (5.6, 6.5) | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.5) | 0.767 | 5.9 (5.3, 6.5) | 6.7 (6.2, 7.2) | 0.8 (0.2, 1.4) | 0.015 |
Break rate ≥ 5 min, breaks/h | 1 (0.8, 1.1) | 1 (0.8, 1.2) | 0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.694 | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | <0.001 |
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY | ||||||||
Weekdays | ||||||||
Light PA in bouts ≥ 10 min, bouts/day | 3.7 (2.8, 4.6) | 3.1 (2.1, 4.2) | −0.6 (−1.5, 0.4) | 0.240 | 3 (1.8, 4.2) | 3.4 (1.9, 4.9) | 0.4 (−0.8, 1.6) | 0.514 |
Light PA in bouts ≥ 10 min, min/day | 54.6 (40.6, 68.5) | 46.2 (27.6, 64.8) | −8.4 (−26.1, 9.4) | 0.350 | 41.8 (24.3, 59.4) | 47.1 (24, 70.3) | 5.3 (−12.4, 22.9) | 0.552 |
MVPA in bouts ≥ 10 min, bouts/day | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.0 (−0.3, 0.2) | 0.819 | 0.2 (0.0, 0.5) | 0.2 (0.0, 0.4) | 0.0 (−0.2, 0.2) | 0.851 |
MVPA in bouts ≥ 10 min, min/day | 4.5 (1.3, 7.7) | 4.5 (0.6, 8.4) | 0 (−5.1, 5) | 0.990 | 7.4 (−1.3, 16.1) | 3.7 (−1.4, 8.8) | −3.7 (−9.1, 1.8) | 0.185 |
Weekend | ||||||||
Light PA in bouts ≥ 10 min, bouts/day | 4.5 (3, 6) | 3.8 (2.5, 5.1) | 0.7 (−2, 0.6) | 0.300 | 2.9 (1, 4.7) | 3.2 (2, 4.4) | 0.3 (−1.2, 1.9) | 0.667 |
Light PA in bouts ≥ 10 min, min/day | 67.2 (43.2, 91.2) | 59.2 (37.1, 81.3) | −8 (−29.6, 13.6) | 0.462 | 44.4 (9.7, 79.2) | 44.1 (27.4, 60.9) | −0.3 (−28.8, 28.2) | 0.983 |
MVPA in bouts ≥ 10 min, bouts/day | 0.1 (−0.1, 0.4) | 0.2 (−0.1, 0.5) | 0.1 (−0.2, 0.3) | 0.447 | 0.1 (0, 0.3) | 0 (0, 0.1) | −0.1 (−0.3, 0) | 0.120 |
MVPA in bouts ≥ 10 min, min/day | 1.4 (−1.2, 4) | 4.3 (−2.1, 10.7) | 2.9 (−3.4, 9.1) | 0.359 | 5 (−1.9, 11.8) | 1.3 (−1.5, 4) | −3.7 (−10.4, 3) | 0.274 |
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Browne, R.A.V.; Cabral, L.L.P.; Oliveira, G.T.A.; Macêdo, G.A.D.; Sócrates, J.; Silva, R.d.M.; Araújo, M.B.F.; Freire, Y.A.; Costa, E.C. Life-Space Mobility and Objectively Measured Movement Behavior in Older Adults with Hypertension after Receiving COVID-19 Vaccination. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912532
Browne RAV, Cabral LLP, Oliveira GTA, Macêdo GAD, Sócrates J, Silva RdM, Araújo MBF, Freire YA, Costa EC. Life-Space Mobility and Objectively Measured Movement Behavior in Older Adults with Hypertension after Receiving COVID-19 Vaccination. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912532
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrowne, Rodrigo A. V., Ludmila L. P. Cabral, Gledson T. A. Oliveira, Geovani A. D. Macêdo, Júlio Sócrates, Raíssa de M. Silva, Maria B. F. Araújo, Yuri A. Freire, and Eduardo C. Costa. 2022. "Life-Space Mobility and Objectively Measured Movement Behavior in Older Adults with Hypertension after Receiving COVID-19 Vaccination" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912532