Changes in Couples’ Relationships and Their Differences in Type during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Respondents
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Tools
2.3.1. General Changes
2.3.2. Changes in Verbal Communication with One’s Spouse
2.3.3. Changes in Nonverbal Communication with One’s Spouse
2.3.4. Emotional Changes Related to One’s Spouse
2.3.5. Activities with One’s Spouse
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Couples’ Relationships during the COVID-19 Pandemic (See Table 1)
Number | Proportion | |
---|---|---|
Q1 Gender | ||
Male | 243 | 42.86% |
Female | 324 | 57.14% |
Q2 Education | ||
Junior high school diploma | 53 | 9.35% |
High school diploma | 32 | 5.64% |
Associate degree | 51 | 8.99% |
Bachelor’s degree | 262 | 46.21% |
Graduate degree | 169 | 29.81% |
Q3 Have children or not | ||
Yes | 440 | 77.6% |
No | 127 | 22.4% |
Q4 Occupation | ||
Medical workers | 105 | 18.52% |
Stable professional | 266 | 46.91% |
Unstable professional | 196 | 34.57% |
Q5 Region | ||
Urban | 389 | 68.61% |
Rural | 178 | 31.39% |
Q6 Consistent type of communication | ||
Positive communication | 256 | 45.15% |
Criticism/defense | 106 | 18.69% |
Demand/withdrawal | 205 | 36.16% |
Q7 Age | ||
18–25 | 54 | 9.52% |
26–35 | 300 | 52.91% |
36–50 | 178 | 31.39% |
51–65 | 32 | 5.64% |
Over 65 | 3 | 0.53% |
Q8 Ethnicity | ||
Han | 552 | 97.35% |
Minorities | 15 | 2.65% |
3.1.1. General Changes (See Table 2)
Deteriorated/Decreased | Unchanged | Improved/Increased | ± s | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Items | ||||
Q9 His/her advantages | 40 (7.05%) | 207 (36.51%) | 320 (56.44%) | 2.49 ± 0.63 |
Q10 His/her weaknesses | 144 (25.4%) | 318 (56.08%) | 105 (18.52%) | 1.93 ± 0.66 |
Q11 Feelings between us | 32 (5.64%) | 258 (45.5%) | 277 (48.85%) | 2.43 ± 0.60 |
Q12 His/her attractiveness | 38 (6.7%) | 313 (55.2%) | 216 (38.1%) | 2.31 ± 0.59 |
3.1.2. Changes in Verbal Communication (See Table 3)
Deteriorated/Decreased | Unchanged | Improved/Increased | ± s | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Items | ||||
Q13 Volume of talk | 39 (6.88%) | 212 (37.39%) | 316 (55.73%) | 2.49 ± 0.62 |
Q14 Encourage each other | 25 (4.41%) | 256 (45.15%) | 286 (50.44%) | 2.46 ± 0.58 |
Q15 Care for each other | 26 (4.59%) | 204 (35.98%) | 337 (59.44%) | 2.55 ± 0.58 |
Q16 Affirm each other | 27 (4.76%) | 253 (44.62%) | 287 (50.62%) | 2.46 ± 0.59 |
Q17 Praise each other | 27 (4.76%) | 277 (48.85%) | 263 (46.38%) | 2.42 ± 0.58 |
Q18 Belittle each other | 152 (26.81%) | 346 (61.02%) | 69 (12.17%) | 1.85 ± 0.61 |
Q19 Blame each other | 159 (28.04%) | 331 (58.38%) | 77 (13.58%) | 1.86 ± 0.63 |
Q20 Ironize each other | 166 (29.28%) | 338 (59.61%) | 63 (11.11%) | 1.82 ± 0.61 |
Q21 Insult each other | 169 (29.81%) | 371 (65.43%) | 27 (4.76%) | 1.75 ± 0.53 |
Q22 Frequency of spiritual communication | 30 (5.29%) | 244 (43.03%) | 293 (51.68%) | 2.46 ± 0.60 |
Q23 Depth of spiritual communication | 30 (5.29%) | 263 (46.38%) | 274 (48.32%) | 2.43 ± 0.59 |
Q24 Compatibility of spiritual communication | 26 (4.59%) | 271 (47.8%) | 270 (47.62%) | 2.43 ± 0.58 |
Q25 Willingness of spiritual communication | 28 (4.94%) | 263 (46.38%) | 276 (48.68%) | 2.44 ± 0.59 |
3.1.3. Changes in Nonverbal Communication (See Table 4)
Deteriorated/Decreased | Unchanged | Improved/Increased | ± s | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Items (Frequency) | ||||
Q26 Hold hands | 72 (12.7%) | 318 (56.08%) | 177 (31.22%) | 2.19 ± 0.64 |
Q27 Hugs | 61 (10.76%) | 302 (53.26%) | 204 (35.98%) | 2.25 ± 0.64 |
Q28 Kiss | 74 (13.05%) | 317 (55.91%) | 176 (31.04%) | 2.18 ± 0.64 |
Q29 Sex | 77 (13.58%) | 328 (57.85%) | 162 (28.57%) | 2.15 ± 0.63 |
Q30 Physical conflicts (such as beating, pushing, etc.) | 134 (23.63%) | 381 (67.2%) | 52 (9.17%) | 1.86 ± 0.56 |
Q31 Other acts of violence | 124 (21.87%) | 405 (71.43%) | 38 (6.7%) | 1.85 ± 0.51 |
Q32 Eye contact | 44 (7.76%) | 284 (50.09%) | 239 (42.15%) | 2.34 ± 0.62 |
Q33 Exude tenderness and love through eyes | 33 (5.82%) | 200 (35.27%) | 334 (58.91%) | 2.53 ± 0.61 |
3.1.4. Changes in Emotion (See Table 5)
Deteriorated/Decreased | Unchanged | Improved/Increased | ± s | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Items | ||||
Q34 Happy | 44 (7.76%) | 210 (37.04%) | 313 (55.2%) | 2.47 ± 0.64 |
Q35 Security | 42 (7.41%) | 205 (36.16%) | 320 (56.44%) | 2.49 ± 0.63 |
Q36 Annoying | 253 (44.62%) | 260 (45.86%) | 54 (9.52%) | 1.65 ± 0.65 |
Q37 Angry | 245 (43.21%) | 260 (45.86%) | 62 (10.93%) | 1.68 ± 0.66 |
Q38 Sad | 245 (43.21%) | 274 (48.32%) | 48 (8.47%) | 1.65 ± 0.63 |
Q39 Hate | 277 (48.85%) | 265 (46.74%) | 25 (4.41%) | 1.56 ± 0.58 |
Q40 Disappointment | 254 (44.8%) | 260 (45.86%) | 53 (9.35%) | 1.65 ± 0.65 |
Q41 Fear | 283 (49.91%) | 260 (45.86%) | 24 (4.23%) | 1.54 ± 0.58 |
3.1.5. Changes in Activities (See Table 6)
Deteriorated/Decreased | Unchanged | Improved/Increased | ± s | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Items | ||||
Q42 Housework | 24 (4.23%) | 209 (36.86%) | 334 (58.91%) | 2.55 ± 0.58 |
Q43 Cooking | 30 (5.29%) | 209 (36.86%) | 328 (57.85%) | 2.53 ± 0.60 |
Q44 Reading | 31 (5.47%) | 330 (58.2%) | 206 (36.33%) | 2.31 ± 0.57 |
Q45 Exercise | 32 (5.64%) | 259 (45.68%) | 276 (48.68%) | 2.43 ± 0.60 |
3.2. Differences between Three Types of Couples’ Relationship
3.2.1. Changes in General Changes (See Table 7)
Consistent Type of Communication’ (C) | F | P | Multiple Comparisons | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Criticism /Defense | Demand /Withdrawal | Positive Communication | Positive Communication | |||
Criticism /Defense | Demand /Withdrawal | ||||||
Q9 his/her advantages | 2.29 | 2.39 | 2.66 | 19.19 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Q10 his/her weaknesses | 2.19 | 1.96 | 1.80 | 13.89 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.02 |
Q11 feelings with him/her | 2.22 | 2.40 | 2.55 | 12.76 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.01 |
Q12 his/her attractiveness | 2.12 | 2.29 | 2.41 | 9.70 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.02 |
3.2.2. Changes in Verbal Communication (See Table 8)
Consistent Type of Communication’ (C) | F | P | Multiple Comparisons | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Criticism /Defense | Demand /Withdrawal | Positive Communication | Positive Communication | |||
Criticism /Defense | Demand /Withdrawal | ||||||
Q13 Volume of talk | 2.34 | 2.43 | 2.59 | 7.64 | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.02 |
Q14 Encourage each other | 2.28 | 2.36 | 2.61 | 17.82 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Q15 Care for each other | 2.36 | 2.49 | 2.68 | 13.40 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Q16 Affirm each other | 2.28 | 2.38 | 2.60 | 14.67 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Q17 Praise each other | 2.25 | 2.34 | 2.54 | 12.31 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Q18 Belittle each other | 2.00 | 1.91 | 1.75 | 8.25 | 0.000 | 0.003 | 0.007 |
Q19 Blame each other | 1.99 | 1.92 | 1.75 | 7.63 | 0.001 | 0.007 | 0.006 |
Q20 Ironize each other | 1.96 | 1.89 | 1.70 | 9.66 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Q21 Insult each other | 1.86 | 1.82 | 1.65 | 8.84 | 0.000 | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Q22 Frequency of spiritual communication | 2.34 | 2.38 | 2.59 | 10.25 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Q23 Depth of spiritual communication | 2.31 | 2.31 | 2.58 | 15.23 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Q24 Compatibility of spiritual communication | 2.28 | 2.30 | 2.60 | 20.73 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Q25 Willingness of spiritual communication | 2.30 | 2.31 | 2.59 | 17.49 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
3.2.3. Changes in Nonverbal Communication (See Table 9)
Consistent Type of Communication’ (C) | F | P | Multiple Comparisons | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Criticism /Defense | Demand /Withdrawal | Positive Communication | Positive Communication | |||
Criticism /Defense | Demand /Withdrawal | ||||||
Q26 Hold hands | 2.00 | 2.17 | 2.28 | 7.42 | 0.001 | 0.000 | 0.18 |
Q27 Hugs | 2.14 | 2.23 | 2.32 | 3.07 | 0.047 | 0.04 | 0.38 |
Q28 Kiss | 2.07 | 2.19 | 2.22 | 2.27 | 0.10 | ||
Q29 Sex | 2.11 | 2.15 | 2.16 | 0.24 | 0.79 | ||
Q30 Physical conflicts (such as beating, pushing, etc.) | 1.89 | 1.92 | 1.79 | 3.08 | 0.047 | 0.41 | 0.045 |
Q31 Other acts of violence | 1.92 | 1.89 | 1.79 | 3.64 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.03 |
Q32 Eye contact | 2.15 | 2.29 | 2.46 | 11.17 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.003 |
Q33 Exude tenderness and love through eyes | 2.36 | 2.47 | 2.65 | 10.40 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.004 |
3.2.4. Changes in Emotion (See Table 10)
Consistent Type of Communication’ (C) | F | P | Multiple Comparisons | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Criticism /Defense | Demand /Withdrawal | Positive Communication | Positive Communication | |||
Criticism /Defense | Demand /Withdrawal | ||||||
Q34 Happy | 2.25 | 2.38 | 2.64 | 18.33 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Q35 Security | 2.27 | 2.41 | 2.64 | 15.75 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Q36 Annoying | 1.89 | 1.70 | 1.51 | 14.11 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 |
Q37 Angry | 1.90 | 1.89 | 1.54 | 12.71 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Q38 Sad | 1.88 | 1.74 | 1.49 | 18.59 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Q39 Hate | 1.76 | 1.74 | 1.42 | 16.16 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Q40 Disappointment | 1.92 | 1.74 | 1.46 | 24.28 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Q41 Fear | 1.72 | 1.59 | 1.44 | 9.94 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.01 |
3.2.5. Changes in Activities (See Table 11)
Consistent Type of Communication’ (C) | F | P | Multiple Comparisons | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Criticism /Defense | Demand /Withdrawal | Positive Communication | Positive Communication | |||
Criticism /Defense | Demand /Withdrawal | ||||||
Q42 Housework | 2.44 | 2.49 | 2.63 | 50.53 | 0.004 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Q43 Cooking | 2.38 | 2.51 | 2.60 | 50.27 | 0.005 | 0.001 | 0.12 |
Q44 Reading | 2.17 | 2.25 | 2.41 | 80.94 | 0.000 | 0.001 | 0.005 |
Q45 Exercise | 2.32 | 2.39 | 2.51 | 40.78 | 0.01 | 0.006 | 0.02 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationships Are Developing in a Better Direction
4.2. Differences in Relationship Types
4.3. Importance of the Type of Positive Intimacy in Couples’ Relationships
4.4. Limitations
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jiang, Q. Changes in Couples’ Relationships and Their Differences in Type during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912516
Jiang Q. Changes in Couples’ Relationships and Their Differences in Type during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912516
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Qi. 2022. "Changes in Couples’ Relationships and Their Differences in Type during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12516. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912516