Relationships between Plasma Concentrations of Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone and Geriatric Depression Scale Scores in Men and Women Aged 60–65 Years—A Multivariate Approach with the Use of Quade’s Test
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemicals
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Blood Sampling, Isolation of Blood Plasma, Measurements of Blood Morphology and Serum Biochemistry
2.4. HPLC-MS
2.5. Geriatric Scale of Depression
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Medical, Anthropometric and Social Characteristics of the Studied Groups of Participants
3.2. Selection of Age-Matched Sex Subgroups with Propensity Score Matching Algorithm (PSM)
3.3. Geriatric Depression Scale Scores Depend on Sex and Steroid Hormones
3.4. Associations between Plasma Levels of Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone and Geriatric Depression Scale Scores in Men and Women
3.5. Quade’s Index for the Correlation of the Hormone with the Total GDS Score in the Group of Males and Females
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Both Sexes (n = 150) | Males (n = 71) | Females (n = 79) |
---|---|---|---|
Indices of blood morphology and biochemistry | |||
WBC (103/mm3) | 5.7 (5.1–6.9) | 5.8 (4.9–7.80) | 5.6 (5.0–6.8) |
RBC (106/mm3) | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 4.6 ± 0.35 | 4.4 ± 0.32 T†† |
HGB (g/dL) | 13.8 ± 1.1 | 14.4 ± 0.1 | 13.2 ± 0.8 T†† |
HCT (%) | 39.7 (37.8–41.4) | 40.9 (39.2–42.7) | 38.8 (36.4–40.3) U†† |
PLT (103/mm3) | 209.0 (179.7–241.2) | 197.0 (168.0–231.0) | 223.4 (891.0–243.0) U# |
MPV (µm3) | 11.5 ± 1.0 | 11.3 ± 0.9 | 11.6 ± 1.1 T* |
PCT (%) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.2 (0.2–0.3) | 0.3 (0.2–0.3) U†† |
Lym (103/mm3) | 1.9 (1.5–2.3) | 1.7 (1.5–2.23) | 1.9 (1.5–2.4) |
Mono (103/mm3) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.6 (0.5–0.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) U# |
Neu (103/mm3) | 3.0 (2.4–3.9) | 3.6 (2.5–3.8) | 2.9 (2.4–4.0) |
Eo (103/mm3) | 0.1 (0.09–0.2) | 0.2 (0.1–0.2) | 0.1 (0.09–0.21) |
Baso (103/mm3) | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) | 0.03 (0.02–0.04) | 0.02 (0.02–0.03) |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.4 (4.6–6.2) | 4.8 (4.4–5.6) | 5.8 (4.9–6.5) U†† |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.3 (0.9–1.7) | 1.3 (0.9–4.2) |
HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.4) | 1.4 (1.1–1.7) U†† |
LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.4 (2.8–4.0) | 3.0 (2.6–3.7) | 3.7 (2.9–4.3) U†† |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.5 (5.0–5.6) | 5.6 (5.2–6.3) | 5.3 (4.9–5.9) U# |
Uric acid (mmol/L) | 0.3 ± 0.07 | 0.3 ± 0.06 | 0.2 ± 1.3 T†† |
Testosterone (ng/mL) | 3.9 (2.9–4.5) | 4.5 (4.4.–4.7) | 2.9 (2.8–3.0) U†† |
Dihydrotestosterone (ng/mL) | 0.5 (0.3–0.6) | 0.63 (0.61–0.66) | 0.32 (0.31–0.33) U†† |
Answers Suggesting Depression | Number (Percentage) of Men with the Expected Answer, % | Number (Percentage) of Women with the Expected Answer, % |
---|---|---|
1 (No) | 62 (89) | 59 (78) |
2 (Yes) | 25 (35) | 32 (41) |
3 (Yes) | 12 (17) | 23 (30) |
4 (Yes) | 3 (4) | 14 (19) |
5 (No) | 62 (87) | 71 (93) |
6 (Yes) | 20 (28) | 35 (46) |
7 (No) | 62 (89) | 60 (79) |
8 (Yes) | 20 (7) | 18 (24) |
9 (Yes) | 26 (37) | 23 (30) |
10 (Yes) | 13 (18) | 14 (19) |
11 (No) | 70 (99) | 73 (95) |
12 (Yes) | 3 (4) | 2 (4) |
13 (No) | 59 (83) | 60 (79) |
14 (Yes) | 1 (1) | 5 (6) |
15 (Yes) | 13 (20) | 20 (26) |
Question No. | Question | Chi2 Test | Fisher’s Exact Test | |
---|---|---|---|---|
X2 | p | p | ||
1 | Are you satisfied with your entire life? | 5.087 | 0.024 | |
2 | Have you dropped many activities or have your interests diminished? | 5.087 | 0.024 | |
3 | Do you feel that your life is empty? | 5.182 | 0.023 | |
4 | Do you often get bored? | 9.214 | 0.002 | |
5 | Are you in good spirits most of the time? | 1.700 | 0.192 | |
6 | Are you afraid that something bad is going to happen to you? | 7.024 | 0.008 | |
7 | Do you feel happy most of the time? | 4.113 | 0.043 | |
8 | Do you often feel helpless? | 9.262 | 0.002 | |
9 | Do you prefer to stay at home, rather than going out and doing things? | 1.354 | 0.245 | |
10 | Do you feel that you have more problems with your memory than most? | 0.846 | 0.358 | |
11 | Do you think it is wonderful to be alive now? | 1.453 | 0.228 | |
12 | Do you feel worthless the way you are now? | 0.723 | ||
13 | Do you feel full of energy? | 1.136 | 0.286 | |
14 | Do you feel that your situation is hopeless? | 0.121 | ||
15 | Do you think that most people are better off than you are? | 2.136 | 0.144 |
GDS Questions | Both Sexes | Men | Women |
---|---|---|---|
1. Are you basically satisfied with your life? | 0.055 TST, n.s. | −0.002 TST, n.s. | −0.159 TST, * |
0.065 DHT, n.s. | −0.015 DHT, n.s. | −0.002 DHT, n.s. | |
2. Have your interests diminished? | −0.097 TST, n.s. | −0.022 TST, n.s. | −0.130 TST, n.s. |
−0.126 DHT, * | −0.071 DHT, n.s. | −0.192 DHT, * | |
3. Do you feel that your life is empty? | −0.097 TST, n.s. | −0.085 TST, n.s. | 0.098 TST, n.s. |
−0.114 DHT, * | −0.067 DHT, n.s. | 0.030 DHT, n.s. | |
4. Do you often get bored? | −0.229 TST, # | −0.144 TST, n.s. | −0.061 TST, n.s. |
−0.221 DHT, # | −0.139 DHT, n.s. | −0.040 DHT, n.s. | |
5. Are you in good spirits most of the time? | −0.123 TST, * | −0.224 TST, # | 0.007 TST, n.s. |
−0.121 DHT, * | −0.243 DHT, # | 0.037 DHT, n.s. | |
6. Are you afraid that something bad is going to happen to you? | −0.086 TST, n.s. | 0.116 TST, n.s. | 0.062 TST, n.s. |
−0.092 DHT, n.s. | 0.054 DHT, n.s. | 0.084 DHT, n.s. | |
7. Do you feel happy most of the time? | 0.038 TST, n.s. | −0.099 TST, n.s. | −0.111 TST, n.s. |
0.042 DHT, n.s. | −0.197 DHT, n.s. | −0.092 DHT, n.s. | |
8. Do you often feel helpless? | −0.238 TST, ## | −0.036 TST, n.s. | −0.192 TST, * |
−0.230 DHT, ## | −0.027 DHT, n.s. | −0.172 DHT, n.s. | |
9. Do you prefer to stay at home? | 0.079 TST, n.s. | 0.173 TST, # | −0.061 TST, n.s. |
−0.060 DHT, n.s. | 0.119 DHT, n.s. | −0.082 DHT, n.s. | |
10. Do you think you have more problems with your memory than most? | −0.019 TST, n.s. | 0.161 TST, * | −0.160 TST, * |
−0.025 DHT, n.s. | 0.075 DHT, n.s. | −0.114 DHT, n.s. | |
11. Do you think it is wonderful to be alive now? | 0.081 TST, n.s. | nd& | −0.086 TST, n.s. |
0.071 DHT, n.s. | −0.114 DHT, n.s. | ||
12. Do you feel worthless the way you are now? | −0.027 TST, n.s. | −0.031 TST, n.s. | −0.096 TST, n.s. |
−0.003 DHT, n.s. | −0.018 DHT, n.s. | −0.019 DHT, n.s. | |
13. Do you feel full of energy? | 0.054 TST, n.s. | −0.022 TST, n.s. | 0.070 TST, n.s. |
0.0308 DHT, n.s. | −0.048 DHT, n.s. | 0.033 DHT, n.s. | |
14. Do you feel that your situation is hopeless? | −0.149 TST, # | −0.100 TST, n.s. | −0.083 TST, n.s. |
−0.146 DHT, # | −0.092 DHT, n.s. | −0.078 DHT, n.s. | |
15. Do you think that most people are better off than you are? | −0.033 TST, n.s. | −0.108 TST, n.s. | 0.126 TST, n.s. |
−0.027 DHT, # | −0.080 DHT, n.s. | 0.127 DHT, n.s. | |
Total GDS score | −0.151 TST, # | 0.136 TST, n.s. | −0.010 TST, n.s. |
−0.165 DHT, # | 0.099 DHT, n.s. | −0.026 DHT, n.s. |
GDS Questions | Both Sexes |
---|---|
1. Are you basically satisfied with your life? | 0.067 TST, n.s. |
0.080 DHT, n.s. | |
2. Have you dropped many activities or have your interests diminished? | −0.131 TST, n.s. |
−0.131 DHT, n.s. | |
3. Do you feel that your life is empty? | −0.123 TST, * |
−0.124 DHT, * | |
4. Do you often get bored? | −0.253 TST, ### |
−0.238 DHT, ### | |
5. Are you in good spirits most of the time? | −0.058 TST, n.s. |
−0.072 DHT, n.s. | |
6. Are you afraid that something bad is going to happen to you? | −0.102 TST, n.s. |
−0.114 DHT, n.s. | |
7. Do you feel happy most of the time? | 0.081 TST, n.s. |
0.082 DHT, n.s. | |
8. Do you often feel helpless? | −0.218 TST, ## |
−0.213 DHT, # | |
9. Do you prefer to stay at home, rather than going out and doing things? | 0.061 TST, n.s. |
0.051 DHT, n.s. | |
10. Do you feel that you have more problems with your memory than most? | −0.043 TST, n.s. |
−0.038 DHT, n.s. | |
11. Do you think it is wonderful to be alive now? | 0.119 TST, ## |
0.129 DHT, ## | |
12. Do you feel worthless the way you are now? | −0.014 TST, n.s. |
−0.008 DHT, n.s. | |
13. Do you feel full of energy? | 0.071 TST, n.s. |
0.056 DHT, n.s. | |
14. Do you feel that your situation is hopeless? | −0.145 TST, ## |
−0.143 DHT, # | |
15. Do you think that most people are better off than you are? | −0.030 TST, n.s. |
−0.033 DHT, n.s. |
Hormone | Quade’s Index | Gamma Correlation | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
testosterone | not age-matched | −0.115 | 0.034 | |
PSM not adjusted | −0.056 | 0.314 | ||
PSM adjusted for sex | 0.078 | 0.154 | ||
PSM adjusted for marital status | −0.058 | 0.349 | ||
PSM adjusted for sex and marital status | −0.052 | 0.366 | ||
PSM adjusted for ‘loneliness’ status | 0.083 | 0.197 | ||
PSM adjusted for sex and ‘loneliness’ status | 0.078 | 0.195 | ||
dihydrotestosterone | not age-matched | −0.122 | 0.023 | |
PSM not adjusted | −0.066 | 0.231 | ||
PSM adjusted for sex | 0.058 | 0.297 | ||
PSM adjusted for marital status | −0.069 | 0.258 | ||
PSM adjusted for sex and marital status | −0.063 | 0.275 | ||
PSM adjusted for ‘loneliness’ status | 0.060 | 0.361 | ||
PSM adjusted for sex and ‘loneliness’ status | 0.056 | 0.352 | ||
testosterone | not age-matched | −0.135 | 0.021 | |
age-matched | −0.095 | 0.118 | ||
dihydrotestosterone | not age-matched | −0.144 | 0.014 | |
age-matched | −0.105 | 0.085 |
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Karolczak, K.; Kostanek, J.; Soltysik, B.; Konieczna, L.; Baczek, T.; Kostka, T.; Watala, C. Relationships between Plasma Concentrations of Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone and Geriatric Depression Scale Scores in Men and Women Aged 60–65 Years—A Multivariate Approach with the Use of Quade’s Test. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912507
Karolczak K, Kostanek J, Soltysik B, Konieczna L, Baczek T, Kostka T, Watala C. Relationships between Plasma Concentrations of Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone and Geriatric Depression Scale Scores in Men and Women Aged 60–65 Years—A Multivariate Approach with the Use of Quade’s Test. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912507
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarolczak, Kamil, Joanna Kostanek, Bartlomiej Soltysik, Lucyna Konieczna, Tomasz Baczek, Tomasz Kostka, and Cezary Watala. 2022. "Relationships between Plasma Concentrations of Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone and Geriatric Depression Scale Scores in Men and Women Aged 60–65 Years—A Multivariate Approach with the Use of Quade’s Test" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912507
APA StyleKarolczak, K., Kostanek, J., Soltysik, B., Konieczna, L., Baczek, T., Kostka, T., & Watala, C. (2022). Relationships between Plasma Concentrations of Testosterone and Dihydrotestosterone and Geriatric Depression Scale Scores in Men and Women Aged 60–65 Years—A Multivariate Approach with the Use of Quade’s Test. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912507