Longitudinal Associations between Sensation Seeking and Its Components and Alcohol Use in Young SWISS Men—Are There Bidirectional Associations?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Sensation Seeking
2.2.2. Alcohol Use Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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SSSfull_BL | Experience_BL | Boredom_BL | Thrill_BL | Disinhibition_BL | Volume_BL | Binge_BL | SSSfull_FU | Experience_FU | Boredom_FU | Thrill_FU | Disinhibition_FU | Volume_FU | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSSfull_BL | |||||||||||||
experience_BL | 0.783 | ||||||||||||
boredom_BL | 0.783 | 0.551 | |||||||||||
thrill_BL | 0.772 | 0.429 | 0.432 | ||||||||||
disinhibition_BL | 0.784 | 0.450 | 0.505 | 0.511 | |||||||||
volume_BL | 0.315 | 0.159 | 0.223 | 0.157 | 0.461 | ||||||||
binge _BL | 0.319 | 0.157 | 0.207 | 0.182 | 0.462 | 0.809 | |||||||
SSSfull_FU | 0.524 | 0.380 | 0.362 | 0.451 | 0.435 | 0.242 | 0.247 | ||||||
experience_FU | 0.391 | 0.433 | 0.270 | 0.244 | 0.269 | 0.133 | 0.139 | 0.785 | |||||
boredom_FU | 0.347 | 0.268 | 0.362 | 0.210 | 0.253 | 0.149 | 0.141 | 0.752 | 0.540 | ||||
thrill_FU | 0.445 | 0.224 | 0.224 | 0.606 | 0.307 | 0.126 | 0.142 | 0.758 | 0.412 | 0.378 | |||
disinhibition_FU | 0.416 | 0.240 | 0.270 | 0.290 | 0.507 | 0.340 | 0.340 | 0.775 | 0.449 | 0.453 | 0.484 | ||
volume_FU | 0.213 | 0.125 | 0.148 | 0.087 | 0.314 | 0.563 | 0.494 | 0.301 | 0.169 | 0.186 | 0.128 | 0.451 | |
binge _FU | 0.218 | 0.113 | 0.145 | 0.104 | 0.330 | 0.527 | 0.513 | 0.302 | 0.162 | 0.177 | 0.136 | 0.460 | 0.791 |
n | Baseline | Follow-Up | Difference Fu-BL | T-Value Difference | p-Value of t-Test | Correlation Baseline-Change | p-Value Correlation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alcohol use | Drinks per week (log volume) | 5099 | 1.68 | 1.59 | −0.09 | −6.66 | <0.001 | −0.509 | <0.001 |
Binge drinking frequency | 5099 | 1.48 | 1.33 | −0.15 | −10.74 | <0.001 | −0.548 | <0.001 | |
Sensation-seeking | Total | 5114 | 24.40 | 23.86 | −0.53 | −5.84 | <0.001 | −0.536 | <0.001 |
Experience-seeking | 5107 | 6.82 | 7.09 | 0.27 | 8.09 | <0.001 | −0.565 | <0.001 | |
Boredom susceptibility | 5106 | 5.79 | 5.87 | 0.08 | 2.62 | 0.009 | −0.611 | <0.001 | |
Thrill- and adventure-seeking | 5099 | 5.90 | 5.59 | −0.31 | −10.70 | <0.001 | −0.473 | <0.001 | |
Disinhibition | 5098 | 5.88 | 5.30 | −0.58 | −19.78 | <0.001 | −0.520 | <0.001 |
n | Observed (Unadjusted) | Residuals Observed (Regression to the Mean) | Correlations between Latent Change Scores * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
corr | p | corr | p | corr | p | |||
Volume | Sensation-seeking total | 5088 | 0.177 | <0.001 | 0.207 | <0.001 | 0.210 | <0.001 |
Experience seeking | 5081 | 0.071 | <0.001 | 0.107 | <0.001 | 0.107 | <0.001 | |
Boredom susceptibility | 5080 | 0.107 | <0.001 | 0.121 | <0.001 | 0.123 | <0.001 | |
Thrill- and adventure-seeking | 5073 | 0.086 | <0.001 | 0.086 | <0.001 | 0.087 | <0.001 | |
Disinhibition | 5072 | 0.276 | <0.001 | 0.324 | <0.001 | 0.334 | <0.001 | |
Binge drinking | Sensation-seeking total | 5088 | 0.163 | <0.001 | 0.201 | <0.001 | 0.204 | <0.001 |
Experience seeking | 5081 | 0.065 | <0.001 | 0.101 | <0.001 | 0.101 | <0.001 | |
Boredom susceptibility | 5080 | 0.090 | <0.001 | 0.113 | <0.001 | 0.115 | <0.001 | |
Thrill- and adventure-seeking | 5074 | 0.085 | <0.001 | 0.084 | <0.001 | 0.083 | <0.001 | |
Disinhibition | 5072 | 0.257 | <0.001 | 0.324 | <0.001 | 0.336 | <0.001 |
Latent Change Score | Observed Variables Cross-Lagged Panel | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL → FU | Standard. Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p-Value | Effect Size * | Standard. Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p-Value | Approximate Effect Size * | |
Volume | Sensation-seeking total → volume | 0.040 | 0.014 | 0.067 | 0.003 | 0.089 | 0.039 | 0.014 | 0.064 | 0.003 | 0.088 |
Volume → sensation-seeking total | 0.086 | 0.060 | 0.111 | <0.001 | 0.134 | 0.087 | 0.061 | 0.112 | <0.001 | 0.135 | |
Experience-seeking → volume | 0.037 | 0.012 | 0.061 | 0.003 | 0.086 | 0.035 | 0.012 | 0.059 | 0.003 | 0.084 | |
Volume → experience-seeking | 0.061 | 0.037 | 0.085 | <0.001 | 0.110 | 0.066 | 0.040 | 0.092 | <0.001 | 0.115 | |
Boredom susceptibility → volume | 0.025 | −0.001 | 0.046 | 0.059 | 0.075 | 0.024 | −0.001 | 0.048 | 0.060 | 0.074 | |
Volume → boredom susceptibility | 0.062 | 0.039 | 0.085 | <0.001 | 0.111 | 0.073 | 0.046 | 0.100 | <0.001 | 0.122 | |
Thrill- and adventure-seeking→ volume | −0.002 | −0.027 | 0.023 | 0.861 | −0.002 | −0.002 | −0.026 | 0.022 | 0.861 | −0.002 | |
Volume → thrill- and adventure-seeking | 0.036 | 0.011 | 0.062 | 0.005 | 0.085 | 0.033 | 0.010 | 0.056 | 0.005 | 0.082 | |
Disinhibition → volume | 0.072 | 0.044 | 0.100 | <0.001 | 0.121 | 0.069 | 0.042 | 0.960 | <0.001 | 0.118 | |
Volume → disinhibition | 0.136 | 0.108 | 0.163 | <0.001 | 0.183 | 0.137 | 0.109 | 0.165 | <0.001 | 0.184 |
Latent Change Score | Observed Variables Cross-Lagged Panel | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BL → FU | Standard. Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p-Value | Effect Size * | Standard. Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI | p-Value | Approximate Effect Size * | |
Binge | Sensation-seeking total → binge | 0.059 | 0.034 | 0.084 | <0.001 | 0.108 | 0.061 | 0.035 | 0.087 | <0.001 | 0.110 |
Binge → sensation-seeking total | 0.089 | 0.064 | 0.114 | <0.001 | 0.137 | 0.090 | 0.064 | 0.115 | <0.001 | 0.138 | |
Experience-seeking → binge | 0.032 | 0.008 | 0.056 | 0.009 | 0.081 | 0.033 | 0.008 | 0.057 | 0.009 | 0.082 | |
Binge → experience-seeking | 0.067 | 0.043 | 0.090 | <0.001 | 0.116 | 0.073 | 0.047 | 0.098 | <0.001 | 0.122 | |
Boredom susceptibility → binge | 0.040 | 0.015 | 0.064 | 0.001 | 0.089 | 0.041 | 0.016 | 0.066 | 0.001 | 0.090 | |
Binge → boredom susceptibility | 0.059 | 0.036 | 0.081 | <0.001 | 0.108 | 0.069 | 0.049 | 0.101 | <0.001 | 0.118 | |
Thrill- and adventure-seeking → binge | 0.011 | −0.013 | 0.035 | 0.376 | 0.061 | 0.011 | −0.014 | 0.036 | 0.377 | 0.061 | |
Binge → thrill- and adventure-seeking | 0.036 | 0.011 | 0.061 | 0.005 | 0.085 | 0.032 | 0.010 | 0.055 | 0.005 | 0.081 | |
Disinhibition → binge | 0.115 | 0.088 | 0.142 | <0.001 | 0.163 | 0.118 | 0.091 | 0.145 | <0.001 | 0.166 | |
Binge → disinhibition | 0.134 | 0.107 | 0.161 | <0.001 | 0.181 | 0.136 | 0.108 | 0.163 | <0.001 | 0.183 |
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Gmel, G.; Marmet, S.; Bertholet, N.; Wicki, M.; Studer, J. Longitudinal Associations between Sensation Seeking and Its Components and Alcohol Use in Young SWISS Men—Are There Bidirectional Associations? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912475
Gmel G, Marmet S, Bertholet N, Wicki M, Studer J. Longitudinal Associations between Sensation Seeking and Its Components and Alcohol Use in Young SWISS Men—Are There Bidirectional Associations? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912475
Chicago/Turabian StyleGmel, Gerhard, Simon Marmet, Nicolas Bertholet, Matthias Wicki, and Joseph Studer. 2022. "Longitudinal Associations between Sensation Seeking and Its Components and Alcohol Use in Young SWISS Men—Are There Bidirectional Associations?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12475. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912475