Evaluation of the Impact of Activated Biochar-Manure Compost Pellet Fertilizer on Volatile Organic Compound Emissions and Heavy Metal Saturation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation of the ABMCP
2.2. Experimental Setup, Odor, and VOC Analysis
2.3. Biochar Characteristics and Elemental Composition
2.4. Analysis of Heavy Metals in the Leachates
2.5. Statistical Analysis of Data
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of the ABMCP
3.2. Impacts of the ABMCP on Odor Emission of TRS and N2O
3.3. Impacts of the ABMCP on VFAs Concentration and VOC Emission
3.4. Reduction in Heavy Metals from the Leachates through ABMCP Saturation
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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- Korea Ministry of Environment. Wastes Control Act; Act No. 15103; Korea Ministry of Environment: Sejong City, Korea, 2018.
Materials | Rice Hull Biochar (%) | Activated Rice Hull Biochar (%) | Activated Palm Biochar (%) | Swine Manure Compost (%) | ARP 1 (%) | APP 2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | 44.3 | 61.5 | 74.3 | 18.8 | 32.5 | 37.6 |
H | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.0 | 6.4 | 3.4 | 3.9 |
O | 8.9 | 10.7 | 7.6 | 19.1 | 22.0 | 24.6 |
N | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 9.4 | 8.1 |
S | N.D. 3 | N.D. | 1.3 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
Others | 45.1 | 26.3 | 14.8 | 54.6 | 32.0 | 25.1 |
Materials | Rice Hull Biochar (%) | Activated Rice Hull Biochar (%) | Activated Palm Biochar (%) | ARP 1 (%) | APP 2 (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium (Ca) | 10.1 | 6.2 | 28.7 | 49.6 | 39.3 |
Potassium (K) | 18.8 | 77.8 | 2.6 | 29.4 | 27.0 |
Iron (Fe) | 1.5 | 1.9 | 35.9 | 7.0 | 16.9 |
Chlorine (Cl) | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 8.2 | 9.9 |
Silicon (Si) | 64.9 | 12.3 | 15.7 | 2.3 | 1.4 |
Sulfur (S) | 0.7 | N.D. | 7.9 | N.D. | 1.2 |
Phosphorus (P) | 0.6 | N.D. | N.D. | 1.1 | 1.2 |
Manganese (Mn) | 3.0 | 1.2 | 1.7 | N.D. | N.D. |
Titanium (Ti) | N.D. 3 | N.D. | 4.6 | N.D. | N.D. |
Others | 0.4 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 3.1 |
Characteristics | Rice Hull Biochar | Activated Rice Hull Biochar | Activated Palm Biochar | ARP 1 | APP 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BET Surface Area (m2 g−1) | 54.8 ± 1.07 | 206.0 ± 2.35 | 720.7 ± 2.32 | 12.8 ± 0.01 | 92.3 ± 0.36 |
Total pore volume (at BJH desorption) (cm2 g−1) | 0.0307 ± 0.005 | 0.163 ± 0.011 | 0.578 ± 0.002 | 0.0454 ± 0.004 | 0.109 ± 0.02 |
Average pore size (at BJH desorption) (nm) | 2.24 ± 0.03 | 3.17 ± 0.04 | 3.21 ± 0.01 | 10.6 ± 0.25 | 5.01 ± 0.15 |
Heavy Metals | Swine Manure Compost (mg L−1) | ARP 1 (mg L−1) | APP 2 (mg L−1) | Method Detection Limit (mg L−1) | Soil Environmental Conservation Act (mg kg−1) | Waste Management Act (mg L−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | N.D. 3 | N.D. | N.D. | 0.08 | 25 | 1.5 |
Cd | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 0.001 | 4 | 0.3 |
Cu | 0.36 ± 0.15 | 0.30 ± 0.18 | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.002 | 150 | 3 |
Ni | 0.009 ± 0.01 | 0.074 ± 0.03 | 0.004 ± 0.03 | 0.002 | 100 | - |
Pb | N.D. | N.D. | N.D. | 0.01 | 200 | 3 |
Zn | 1.37 ± 0.69 | 0.48 ± 0.29 | 0.59 ± 0.37 | 0.001 | 300 | - |
Fe | 5.07 ± 2.60 | 3.17 ± 2.04 | 15.7 ± 10.6 | 0.001 | - | - |
Ca | 17.9 ± 12.0 | 6.70 ± 3.42 | 31.2 ± 22.7 | 0.001 | - | - |
K | 784 ± 53.6 | 1964 ± 102.4 | 2128 ± 161.9 | 0.002 | - | - |
Si | 1.29 ± 0.48 | 2.04 ± 1.42 | 1.30 ± 0.73 | 0.002 | - | - |
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Kim, M.; Jeong, C.; Kim, M.; Nam, J.; Shim, C.; Shin, J. Evaluation of the Impact of Activated Biochar-Manure Compost Pellet Fertilizer on Volatile Organic Compound Emissions and Heavy Metal Saturation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912405
Kim M, Jeong C, Kim M, Nam J, Shim C, Shin J. Evaluation of the Impact of Activated Biochar-Manure Compost Pellet Fertilizer on Volatile Organic Compound Emissions and Heavy Metal Saturation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912405
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Minsoo, Changyoon Jeong, Minjeong Kim, Joohee Nam, Changki Shim, and Joungdu Shin. 2022. "Evaluation of the Impact of Activated Biochar-Manure Compost Pellet Fertilizer on Volatile Organic Compound Emissions and Heavy Metal Saturation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912405