Dynamic Changes in Soil Phosphorus Accumulation and Bioavailability in Phosphorus-Contaminated Protected Fields
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Soils
- Soils for research on the characteristics of accumulated phosphorus: typical plastic greenhouses cultivated on dark brown soil in Longjing City, Yanbian Prefecture, Jilin Province were chosen, and at each, soil samples were collected at depths of 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm. Three protected field soil samples were collected from Longchi village (No. 1, 2, and 3), four from Longhai village (No. 4, 5, 7, and 8), and one from Longfeng village (No. 6). Simultaneously, a farmland (i.e., non-protected, open-air vegetable field) soil sample was collected from Longhai village as a control (No. 9). For each sample, the soil total phosphorus, available phosphorus, different forms of inorganic phosphorus, and organic phosphorus were measured, and for the protected fields, the characteristics of the soil accumulated phosphorus were also analyzed.
- Soils for the continuous spinach planting without phosphate fertilization experiment: Soil was collected from 17 greenhouses in Longjing City (7 in Longchi village and 10 in Longfeng village). These are protected-field soil samples with an obvious phosphorus accumulation gradient and similar texture. At the same time, there were three places in Longfeng village (No. A, B, and C) and two places in Longchi village (No. D and E). A farmland soil sample was used as a control (No. F). Table 1 lists the basic properties.
2.2. Experimental Crops
2.3. Experimental Design and Methods
2.4. Analysis of Soil Samples
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Accumulated Phosphorus Characteristics in Protected Fields
3.1.1. Soil Phosphorus Composition in Protected Fields
3.1.2. Composition of Inorganic Phosphorus in Protected Fields
3.2. Changes to Inorganic Phosphorus Content over Successive Planting Stubbles
3.2.1. Changes to Water-Soluble and Loosely Combined Phosphorus (WSLC-P) Content over Successive Planting Stubbles
3.2.2. Changes to Aluminum P (Al-P) Content over Successive Planting Stubbles
3.2.3. Changes to Iron P (Fe-P) Content over Successive Planting Stubbles
3.2.4. Changes to Calcium P (Ca-P) Content over Successive Planting Stubbles
3.2.5. Changes to Occluded P (O-P) Content over Successive Planting Stubbles
3.2.6. Changes to Total Inorganic Phosphorus Content over Successive Planting Stubbles
3.3. Changes to Available Phosphorus Content over Successive Planting Stubbles
3.4. Determination of the Critical Value of Phosphorus Deficiency and Establishment of a Prediction Model of Planting Stubbles
4. Discussion
4.1. Soil Phosphorus Accumulation
4.2. Changes in Inorganic Phosphorus Content
4.3. Model Building
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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No. | Texture | pH | Available P | Hydrolyzed N | Available K | Total P | Total N | Total K | Organic Carbon |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg kg−1 | g kg−1 | ||||||||
A | sandy clay | 5.25 | 1133.51 | 96.51 | 126.30 | 3.18 | 2.50 | 35.05 | 13.81 |
B | sandy clay | 5.50 | 1048.16 | 143.44 | 138.95 | 5.55 | 2.01 | 37.22 | 18.49 |
C | sandy clay | 5.54 | 733.36 | 86.35 | 136.96 | 3.25 | 2.31 | 34.97 | 11.42 |
D | clay | 5.36 | 587.95 | 223.34 | 221.28 | 2.21 | 1.74 | 39.72 | 11.27 |
E | sandy clay | 5.19 | 463.16 | 96.56 | 103.31 | 2.12 | 1.80 | 27.18 | 12.50 |
F | loamy clay | 5.96 | 29.34 | 71.91 | 167.29 | 0.42 | 1.27 | 37.98 | 11.21 |
No. | Type | Total P (TP) (g kg−1) 1 | Inorganic P (Pi) (g kg−1) 1 | Pi/TP % 2 | Organophosphorus (Po) (g kg−1) 1 | Po/TP % 2 | Available P (Pav) (g kg−1) 1 | Pav/TP % 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Protected Field | 2.45 ± 0.35 | 1.24 ± 0.49 | 50.5 | 1.21 ± 0.34 | 49.5 | 0.22 ± 0.04 | 9 |
2 | 2.03 ± 0.08 | 1.76 ± 0.35 | 86.9 | 0.27 ± 0.05 | 13.1 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 5.6 | |
3 | 2.49 ± 0.26 | 1.75 ± 0.17 | 70.4 | 0.74 ± 0.22 | 29.6 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 10.6 | |
4 | 0.80 ± 0.11 | 0.63 ± 0.20 | 78.5 | 0.17 ± 0.05 | 21.5 | 0.13 ± 0.05 | 16.7 | |
5 | 0.80 ± 0.06 | 0.64 ± 0.12 | 80 | 0.16 ± 0.06 | 20 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 5.1 | |
6 | 1.28 ± 0.18 | 0.92 ± 0.13 | 71.7 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 28.3 | 0.18 ± 0.02 | 14.3 | |
7 | 2.43 ± 0.06 | 1.61 ± 0.29 | 66.1 | 0.82 ± 0.16 | 33.9 | 0.53 ± 0.12 | 21.8 | |
8 | 1.77 ± 0.15 | 1.37 ± 0.46 | 77.5 | 0.40 ± 0.11 | 22.5 | 0.22 ± 0.02 | 12.2 | |
9 | Farmland | 0.36 ± 0.02 | 0.27 ± 0.08 | 75.1 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 24.9 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 9.6 |
No. | Type | Total P (TP) (g kg−1) 1 | Inorganic P (Pi) (g kg−1) 1 | Pi/TP % 2 | Organophosphorus (Po) (g kg−1) 1 | Po/TP % 2 | Available P (Pav) (g kg−1) 1 | Pav/TP % 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Protected Field | 0.70 ± 0.31 | 0.44 ± 0.15 | 62.4 | 0.26 ± 0.08 | 37.6 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | 32.8 |
2 | 0.61 ± 0.18 | 0.29 ± 0.14 | 48.5 | 0.32 ± 0.09 | 51.5 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 24.5 | |
3 | 1.02 ± 0.64 | 0.77 ± 0.20 | 75.4 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | 24.6 | 0.57 ± 0.04 | 55.7 | |
4 | 0.74 ± 0.25 | 0.48 ± 0.15 | 65.5 | 0.26 ± 0.03 | 34.5 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 21.3 | |
5 | 0.65 ± 0.22 | 0.36 ± 0.19 | 54.6 | 0.29 ± 0.04 | 45.4 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | 13.4 | |
6 | 1.03 ± 0.45 | 0.79 ± 0.21 | 76.1 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | 23.9 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 22 | |
7 | 2.02 ± 0.67 | 1.24 ± 0.32 | 61.5 | 0.78 ± 0.14 | 38.5 | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 23.9 | |
8 | 1.25 ± 0.43 | 0.91 ± 0.41 | 72.5 | 0.34 ± 0.02 | 27.5 | 0.21 ± 0.09 | 17 | |
9 | Farmland | 0.34 ± 0.24 | 0.16 ± 0.10 | 46.2 | 0.18 ± 0.09 | 53.8 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 11.1 |
No. | Type | WSLC-P | Al-P | Fe-P | O-P | Ca-P | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg kg−1 | % 2 | mg kg−1 | %2 | mg kg−1 | % 2 | mg kg−1 | % 2 | mg kg−1 | % 2 | ||
1 | Protected Field | 173.02 ± 7.56 | 14.0 | 260.27 ± 8.93 | 21.0 | 264.81 ± 1.26 | 21.4 | 179.51 ± 9.88 | 14.5 | 361.22 ± 4.02 | 29.2 |
2 | 227.84 ± 8.66 | 12.9 | 427.81 ± 2.54 | 24.3 | 368.85 ± 7.62 | 20.9 | 171.83 ± 7.87 | 9.7 | 567.84 ± 3.39 | 32.2 | |
3 | 42.96 ± 2.83 | 2.5 | 534.94 ± 4.40 | 30.6 | 362.63 ± 4.46 | 20.7 | 450.90 ± 2.65 | 25.8 | 357.87 ± 6.34 | 20.5 | |
4 | 25.00 ± 2.98 | 4.0 | 99.64 ± 1.39 | 15.9 | 247.54 ± 1.61 | 39.6 | 142.78 ± 9.09 | 22.8 | 110.06 ± 3.28 | 17.6 | |
5 | 20.62 ± 3.67 | 3.2 | 161.43 ± 7.41 | 25.1 | 356.12 ± 3.87 | 55.5 | 56.19 ± 2.20 | 8.8 | 47.69 ± 2.36 | 7.4 | |
6 | 72.04 ± 8.93 | 7.9 | 256.32 ± 3.85 | 27.9 | 277.49 ± 4.43 | 30.2 | 50.75 ± 1.57 | 5.5 | 260.83 ± 9.48 | 28.4 | |
7 | 40.13 ± 4.33 | 2.5 | 420.18 ± 5.33 | 26.1 | 650.46 ± 5.01 | 40.5 | 182.97 ± 9.83 | 11.4 | 313.07 ± 1.21 | 19.5 | |
8 | 35.76 ± 3.47 | 2.6 | 161.34 ± 5.45 | 11.8 | 655.42 ± 4.74 | 47.9 | 177.25 ± 9.19 | 13.0 | 338.93 ± 6.12 | 24.8 | |
9 | Farmland | 34.10 ± 2.44 | 12.6 | 45.99 ± 8.09 | 17.0 | 33.05 ± 3.14 | 12.2 | 62.66 ± 2.64 | 23.2 | 94.85 ± 3.54 | 35.0 |
No. | Type | WSLC-P | Al-P | Fe-P | O-P | Ca-P | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg kg−1 | %2 | mg kg−1 | % 2 | mg kg−1 | % 2 | mg kg−1 | % 2 | mg kg−1 | % 2 | ||
1 | Protected Field | 13.57 ± 0.66 | 3.1 | 97.55 ± 10.1 | 22.3 | 108.05 ± 22.69 | 24.7 | 110.08 ± 17.38 | 25.2 | 108.23 ± 19.41 | 24.7 |
2 | 17.00 ± 4.03 | 5.8 | 32.58 ± 2.0 | 11.1 | 95.06 ± 15.19 | 32.4 | 113.27 ± 10.45 | 38.6 | 35.91 ± 1.77 | 12.2 | |
3 | 21.23 ± 1.55 | 2.7 | 227.92 ± 29.7 | 29.5 | 311.77 ± 6.08 | 40.3 | 180.31 ± 4.58 | 23.3 | 31.57 ± 2.77 | 4.1 | |
4 | 19.17 ± 1.41 | 4.0 | 31.48 ± 10.8 | 6.5 | 123.06 ± 11.77 | 25.6 | 227.46 ± 9.62 | 47.2 | 80.33 ± 3.66 | 16.7 | |
5 | 6.06 ± 0.92 | 1.7 | 29.35 ± 3.7 | 8.2 | 126.13 ± 21.40 | 35.4 | 151.54 ± 5.36 | 42.5 | 43.53 ± 1.55 | 12.2 | |
6 | 20.69 ± 0.93 | 2.6 | 81.20 ± 7.4 | 10.3 | 283.61 ± 51.50 | 36.1 | 243.37 ± 22.76 | 31.0 | 156.96 ± 23.43 | 20.0 | |
7 | 18.27 ± 1.47 | 1.5 | 281.09 ± 12.0 | 22.6 | 471.89 ± 58.59 | 38.0 | 305.52 ± 34.92 | 24.6 | 164.83 ± 21.87 | 13.3 | |
8 | 21.74 ± 2.00 | 2.4 | 204.36 ± 10.6 | 22.5 | 460.36 ± 46.47 | 50.6 | 131.11 ± 11.38 | 14.4 | 91.98 ± 14.51 | 10.1 | |
9 | Farmland | 6.43 ± 1.56 | 4.1 | 13.37 ± 8.5 | 8.4 | 33.93 ± 3.69 | 21.4 | 59.57 ± 11.49 | 37.6 | 45.29 ± 1.67 | 28.6 |
No. | Fitted Model | R | Number of Planting Stubbles | Initial Available P (mg kg−1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
A | y = 44.670 − 0.038x | 0.996 | 37 | 1133.51 |
B | y = 44.746 − 0.0420x | 0.986 | 36 | 1048.16 |
C | y = 34.250 − 0.045x | 0.996 | 25 | 733.36 |
D | y = 118.159 − 18.463 × ln(x) | 0.841 | 20 | 587.95 |
E | y = 34.087 − 0.0711x | 0.957 | 19 | 463.16 |
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Liang, H.; Wang, C.; Lu, X.; Sai, C.; Liang, Y. Dynamic Changes in Soil Phosphorus Accumulation and Bioavailability in Phosphorus-Contaminated Protected Fields. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912262
Liang H, Wang C, Lu X, Sai C, Liang Y. Dynamic Changes in Soil Phosphorus Accumulation and Bioavailability in Phosphorus-Contaminated Protected Fields. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912262
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Hongyue, Chen Wang, Xinrui Lu, Chunmei Sai, and Yunjiang Liang. 2022. "Dynamic Changes in Soil Phosphorus Accumulation and Bioavailability in Phosphorus-Contaminated Protected Fields" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12262. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912262