Acceptability of the Vaccine against COVID-19 in Spanish Health Sciences Students: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Tool
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Population Description
3.2. Variables Relating to the COVID-19 Disease
3.3. Variables Relating to the Acceptance of Vaccines in General and against COVID-19
3.4. Justified Reasons for the Acceptance or Rejection of the Vaccines against COVID-19
3.5. Variables Relating to the Secondary Effects of the Vaccines against COVID-19
3.6. Multivariate Logistic Regression between the Administered Vaccines and the Declared Adverse Effects
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nursing n (%) | Pharmacy n (%) | Medicine n (%) | Total n (%) | IC 95% | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
716 (52.0) | 124 (11.5) | 382 (36.5) | 1222 (100) | |||
Sex | ||||||
Male | 95 (13.3) | 46 (37.1) | 97 (25.4) | 238 (19.5) | (14.5–24.5) | <0.001 |
Female | 621 (86.7) | 78 (62.9) | 285 (74.6) | 984 (80.5) | (78.0–82.9) | |
Origin | ||||||
Spanish | 697 (97.3) | 120 (96.8) | 373 (97.6) | 1190 (97.4) | (96.5–98.3) | 0.867 |
Not Spanish | 19 (2.7) | 4 (3.2) | 9 (2.4) | 32 (2.6) | (0.0–8.1) | |
Living arrangement | ||||||
Alone | 487 (68.0) | 69 (55.6) | 266 (69.6) | 822 (67.3) | (64.1–70.5) | 0.013 |
With a partner | 229 (32.0) | 55 (44.4) | 116 (30.4) | 400 (32.7) | (28.1–37.3) | |
Age (years) | 22.2 ± 5.0 | 22.8 ± 5.2 * | 21.6 ± 4.1 † | 22.0 ± 4.8 | ||
Academic year | ||||||
Lower | 376 (52.5) | 47 (37.9) | 142 (37.2) | 565 (46.2) | (42.1–50.3) | <0.001 |
Upper | 340 (47.5) | 77 (62.1) | 240 (62.8) | 657 (53.8) | (50.0–57.6) | |
Chronic disease | ||||||
No | 622 (86.9) | 113 (91.1) | 353 (92.4) | 1088 (89.0) | (87.1–90.8) | 0.015 |
Yes | 94 (13.1) | 11 (8.9) | 29 (7.6) | 134 (11.0) | (5.7–16.3) | |
Tobacco | ||||||
No | 609 (85.1) | 109 (87.9) | 345 (90.3) | 1063 (87.0) | (84.9–89.0) | 0.045 |
Yes | 107 (14.9) | 15 (12.1) | 37 (9.7) | 159 (13.0) | (7.7–18.2) | |
Alcohol | ||||||
No | 643 (89.8) | 104 (83.9) | 348 (91.1) | 1095 (89.6) | (87.8–91.4) | 0.070 |
Yes | 73 (10.2) | 20 (16.1) | 34 (8.9) | 127 (10.4) | (5.1–15.7) | |
Psychoactive drugs | ||||||
No | 705 (98.5) | 121 (97.6) | 375 (98.2) | 1201 (98.3) | (97.6–99.0) | 0.767 |
Yes | 11 (1.5) | 3 (2.4) | 7 (1.8) | 21 (1.7) | (0.0–7.2) |
Nursing n (%) | Pharmacy n (%) | Medicine n (%) | Total n (%) | IC 95% | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Have you had COVID-19? (n = 1222) | ||||||
Yes | 100 (14.0) | 15 (12.1) | 35 (9.2) | 150 (12.3) | (7.0–17.5) | 0.069 |
No | 616 (86.0) | 109 (87.9) | 347 (90.8) | 1072 (87.7) | (85.7–89.6) | |
Did you catch it at university? (n = 150) | ||||||
Yes | 4 (4.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (2.7) | (0–18.6) | 0.527 |
No | 78 (78.0) | 13 (86.7) | 31 (88.6) | 122 (81.3) | (74.4–88.2) | |
Don’t know | 18 (18.0) | 2 (13.3) | 4 (11.4) | 24 (16.0) | (1.3–30.6) | |
Have you had to quarantine? (n = 1213) | ||||||
Yes | 316 (44.4) | 50 (40.7) | 168 (44.3) | 534 (44.0) | (36.8–51.8) | 0.729 |
No | 395 (55.6) | 73 (59.3) | 211 (55.7) | 679 (56.0) | (49.0–62.4) | |
Have any of your family members or friends died from COVID-19? (n = 1222) | ||||||
Yes | 118 (16.5) | 17 (13.7) | 68 (17.8) | 203 (16.6) | (11.5–21.7) | 0.562 |
No | 598 (83.5) | 107 (86.3) | 314 (82.2) | 1019 (83.4) | (81.1–85.7) | |
Have you taken a diagnostic test, antigen test or PCR? (n = 1222) | ||||||
Yes | 526 (73.5) | 70 (56.5) | 269 (70.4) | 865 (70.8) | (67.7–73.8) | <0.001 |
No | 190 (26.5) | 54 (43.5) | 113 (29.6) | 357 (29.2) | (24.5–34.0) | |
What were the results of the antigen test or PCR? (n = 865) | ||||||
Positive | 77 (14.6) | 13 (18.6) | 32 (11.9) | 122 (14.1) | (7.9–20.3) | 0.307 |
Negative | 449 (85.4) | 57 (81.4) | 237 (88.1) | 743 (85.9) | (83.4–88.4) |
Nursing n (%) | Pharmacy n (%) | Medicine n (%) | Total n (%) | IC 95% | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Would you vaccinate against COVID-19? (n = 1222) | ||||||
Yes | 695 (97.1) | 120 (96.8) | 377 (98.7) | 1192 (97.5) | (96.6–98.4) | 0.214 |
No | 21 (2.9) | 4 (3.2) | 5 (1.3) | 30 (2.5) | (0–8.0) | |
Should there be a choice of COVID-19 vaccine? (n = 1222) | ||||||
Yes | 434 (60.6) | 73 (58.9) | 208 (54.5) | 715 (58.5) | (54.8–62.1) | 0.142 |
No | 282 (39.4) | 51 (41.1) | 174 (45.5) | 507 (41.5) | (37.2–45.8) | |
Which vaccine would you like to be given? (n = 1222) | ||||||
Comirnaty® | 542 (75.7) | 82 (66.1) | 291 (76.2) | 915 (74.9) | (72.1–77.7) | 0.043 |
Spikevax® | 57 (8.0) | 13 (10.5) | 41 (10.7) | 111 (9.1) | (3.7–14.4) | |
Vaxzevria® | 77 (10.8) | 15 (12.1) | 29 (7.6) | 121 (9.9) | (4.6–15.2) | |
Jcovden® | 40 (5.6) | 14 (11.3) | 21 (5.5) | 75 (6.1) | (0.6–11.5) | |
Have you received the COVID-19 vaccine? (n = 1222) | ||||||
Yes | 433 (60.5) | 24 (19.4) | 149 (39.0) | 606 (49.6) | (45.6–53.6) | <0.001 |
No | 283 (39.5) | 100 (80.6) | 233 (61.0) | 616 (50.4) | (46.5–54.3) | |
If you have received it, which vaccine did you receive? * (n = 606) | ||||||
Comirnaty® | 221 (51.0) | 1 (4.2) | 61 (40.9) | 283 (46.7) | (40.9–52.5) | <0.001 |
Spikevax® | 49 (11.3) | 1 (4.2) | 22 (14.7) | 72 (11.8) | (4.4–19.2) | |
Vaxzevria® | 163 (37.6) | 22 (91.7) | 66 (44.3) | 251 (41.4) | (35.63–47.5) | |
Do you have a complete childhood vaccination schedule? (n = 1222) | ||||||
Yes | 705 (98.5) | 112 (90.3) | 374 (97.9) | 1191 (97.5) | (96.6–98.4) | <0.001 |
No | 6 (0.8) | 6 (4.8) | 3 (0.8) | 15 (1.2) | (0–6.7) | |
Don’t know | 5 (0.7) | 6 (4.8) | 5 (1.3) | 16 (1.3) | (0–6.8) | |
Have you ever had a flu vaccination? (n = 1222) | ||||||
Yes | 460 (64.2) | 50 (40.3) | 221 (57.9) | 731 (59.8) | (56.2–63.3) | <0.001 |
No | 256 (35.8) | 74 (59.7) | 161 (42.1) | 491 (40.2) | (35.8–44.5) |
Nursing n (%) | Pharmacy n (%) | Medicine n (%) | Total n (%) | IC 95% | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Does it produce more adverse effects than other vaccines? (n = 1204) | ||||||
Yes | 61 (8.6) | 39 (15.4) | 16 (9.8) | 116 (9.6) | (4.2–15.0) | 0.132 |
No | 487 (68.4) | 74 (60.2) | 239 (64.8) | 800 (66.4) | (63.1–69.7) | |
Don’t know | 164 (23.0) | 30 (24.4) | 94 (25.5) | 288 (23.9) | (18.9–28.8) | |
Do there exist unknown adverse effects of the COVID-19 vaccine? (n = 1222) | ||||||
Yes | 266 (37.2) | 59 (47.6) | 136 (35.6) | 461 (37.7) | (33.3–42.1) | 0.026 |
No | 99 (13.8) | 23 (18.5) | 62 (16.2) | 184 (15.1) | (9.9–20.3) | |
Don’t know | 351 (49.0) | 42 (33.9) | 184 (48.2) | 577 (47.2) | (43.1–51.3) | |
Do you trust in the recommendations of the health authorities? (n = 1219) | ||||||
Yes | 651 (91.2) | 101 (82.1) | 335 (87.7) | 1087 (89.2) | (87.3–91.0) | 0.035 |
No | 61 (8.5) | 21 (17.1) | 45 (11.8) | 127 (10.4) | (5.1–15.7) | |
Don’t know | 2 (0.3) | 1 (0.8) | 2 (0.5) | 5 (0.4) | (0–5.9) | |
After vaccination, have you suffered adverse effects? (n = 606) | ||||||
Yes | 374 (86.4) | 22 (91.7) | 123 (82.6) | 519 (85.6) | (82.6–88.6) | 0.298 |
No | 59 (13.6) | 2 (8.3) | 26 (17.4) | 87 (14.4) | (7.0–21.8) | |
What adverse effects have you suffered? * n = 374, n = 22, n = 123, n = 519 | ||||||
Pain at injection site | 291 (77.8) | 16 (72.7) | 84 (68.3) | 391 (75.3) | (71.0–79.6) | 0.101 |
Tiredness | 205 (54.8) | 13 (59.1) | 62 (50.4) | 280 (53.9) | (48.1–59.7) | 0.616 |
Fever | 174 (46.5) | 17 (77.3) | 62 (50.4) | 253 (48.7) | (42.5–54.8) | 0.018 |
Generalized muscle pain | 174 (46.5) | 11 (50.0) | 57 (46.3) | 242 (46.6) | (40.3–52.9) | 0.948 |
Headache | 186 (49.7) | 11 (50.0) | 38 (30.9) | 235 (45.3) | (38.9–51.6) | 0.001 |
Shivering | 140 (37.4) | 14 (63.6) | 42 (34.1) | 196 (37.8) | (31.0–44.6) | 0.031 |
Swollen glands | 28 (7.5) | 1 (4.5) | 14 (11.4) | 43 (8.3) | (0.1–15.5) | 0.321 |
Vomiting | 22 (5.9) | 3 (13.6) | 10 (8.1) | 35 (6.7) | (0.0–15.0) | 0.290 |
Other | 22 (5.9) | 1 (4.5) | 3 (2.4) | 26 (5.0) | (0.0–13.3) | 0.314 |
Total | Vaxzevria® | Comirnaty® | Spikevax® | Chi2 | Vaxzevria® vs. Comirnaty® | p-Value | Vaxzevria® vs. Spikevax® | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
519 (100) | 229 (44.1) | 221 (42.6) | 69 (13.3) | ||||||
Variable | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||
Pain at injection site | |||||||||
No (R) | 128 (24.7) | 62 (27.1) | 52 (23.5) | 14 (20.3) | 0.454 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 391 (75.3) | 167 (72.9) | 169 (76.5) | 55 (79.7) | 1.59 (0.92–2.73) | 0.095 | 2.40 (1.11–5.18) | 0.026 | |
Tiredness | |||||||||
No (R) | 239 (46.1) | 77 (33.6) | 119 (53.8) | 43 (62.3) | <0.001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 280 (53.9) | 152 (66.4) | 102 (46.2) | 26 (37.7) | 1.04 (0.60–1.78) | 0.892 | 0.71 (0.34–1.49) | 0.361 | |
Fever | |||||||||
No (R) | 266 (51.3) | 55 (24.0) | 162 (73.3) | 49 (71.0) | <0.001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 253 (48.7) | 174 (76.0) | 59 (26.7) | 20 (29.0) | 0.18 (0.11–0.28) | <0.001 | 0.27 (0.13–0.54) | <0.001 | |
Generalized muscle pain | |||||||||
No (R) | 277 (53.4) | 86 (37.6) | 144 (65.2) | 47 (68.1) | <0.001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 242 (46.6) | 143 (62.4) | 77 (34.8) | 22 (31.9) | 0.70 (0.42–1.16) | 0.168 | 0.79 (0.39–1.61) | 0.513 | |
Headache | |||||||||
No (R) | 284 (54.7) | 94 (41.0) | 143 (64.7) | 47 (68.1) | <0.001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 235 (45.3) | 135 (59.0) | 78 (35.3) | 22 (31.9) | 0.68 (0.41–1.13) | 0.140 | 0.62 (0.31–1.25) | 0.183 | |
Shivering | |||||||||
No (R) | 323 (62.2) | 97 (42.4) | 168 (76.0) | 58 (84.1) | <0.001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 196 (37.8) | 132 (57.6) | 53 (24.0) | 11 (15.9) | 0.58 (0.35–0.99) | 0.044 | 0.29 (0.13–0.67) | 0.003 | |
Swollen glands | |||||||||
No (R) | 476 (91.7) | 211 (921) | 203 (91.9) | 62 (89.9) | 0.829 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 43 (8.3) | 18 (7.9) | 18 (8.1) | 7 (10.1) | 2.49 (1.06–5.85) | 0.056 | 3.12 (1.05–9.29) | 0.052 | |
Vomiting | |||||||||
No (R) | 484 (93.3) | 197 (86.0) | 219 (99.1) | 68 (98.6) | <0.001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Yes | 35 (6.7) | 32 (14.0) | 2 (0.9) | 1 (1.4) | 0.09 (0.02–0.45) | 0.003 | 0.17 (0.02–1.49) | 0.110 |
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Rodríguez-Blanco, N.; Vicente-Alcalde, N.; Cubero-Plazas, L.; Sánchez-Más, J.; Montagud, E.; Moragues, R.; Gabaldón-Bravo, E.; Hurtado-Sanchez, J.A.; Tuells, J. Acceptability of the Vaccine against COVID-19 in Spanish Health Sciences Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912244
Rodríguez-Blanco N, Vicente-Alcalde N, Cubero-Plazas L, Sánchez-Más J, Montagud E, Moragues R, Gabaldón-Bravo E, Hurtado-Sanchez JA, Tuells J. Acceptability of the Vaccine against COVID-19 in Spanish Health Sciences Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912244
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Blanco, Noelia, Nancy Vicente-Alcalde, Laura Cubero-Plazas, Jesús Sánchez-Más, Emilia Montagud, Raul Moragues, Eva Gabaldón-Bravo, Jose Antonio Hurtado-Sanchez, and José Tuells. 2022. "Acceptability of the Vaccine against COVID-19 in Spanish Health Sciences Students: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12244. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912244