PTSD and Depression Symptoms Increase Women’s Risk for Experiencing Future Intimate Partner Violence
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Women Veterans
1.2. PTSD Symptoms, Depression Symptoms, and Alcohol Use as Factors Increasing Risk for IPV
1.3. Current Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analytic Plan
3. Results
Path Models
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Clinical Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics, M (SD) | M | SD |
---|---|---|
Age | 36.5 | 7.6 |
Characteristics, n (%) | n | % |
Race | ||
White (alone) | 1177 | 62.5 |
Black (alone) | 559 | 29.7 |
Asian (alone) | 91 | 4.8 |
Another/Multiple Races | 418 | 22.2 |
Hispanic/Latino | 228 | 12 |
Annual Income | ||
No income | 26 | 1.4 |
Less than USD 15k | 127 | 6.9 |
USD 15k to <USD 25k | 189 | 10.2 |
USD 25k to <USD 35k | 193 | 10.5 |
USD 35k to <USD 45k | 188 | 10.2 |
USD 45k to <USD 55k | 189 | 10.2 |
USD 55k to <USD 75k | 266 | 14.4 |
USD 75k to <USD 100k | 265 | 14.4 |
USD 100k to <USD 150k | 242 | 13.1 |
USD 150k or more | 159 | 8.6 |
Relationship Status | ||
Married | 826 | 43.8 |
Divorced or separated | 496 | 26.3 |
Widowed | 15 | 0.8 |
Never Married | 547 | 29 |
Education Level | ||
High school or less | 117 | 6.3 |
Vocational or technical training | 54 | 2.9 |
Associates degree or some college | 718 | 38.5 |
Bachelor’s degree | 549 | 29.4 |
Graduate or professional degree | 430 | 23 |
Work Status | ||
Work for pay (part or full time) | 1425 | 76.7 |
Homemaker/Caregiver | 198 | 10.7 |
Retired | 69 | 3.7 |
Not working | 350 | 18.8 |
Living Situation | ||
Own apartment/house | 775 | 41.7 |
Rent apartment/house/room | 912 | 49 |
Live with relative/friend | 120 | 6.5 |
Homeless | 11 | 0.6 |
Branch of Service | ||
Army | 959 | 50.6 |
Marine Corps | 102 | 5.4 |
Navy | 310 | 16.3 |
Air Force | 491 | 25.8 |
Coast Guard | 32 | 1.7 |
Primary Military Occupation | ||
Combat Arms | 104 | 5.7 |
Combat Support | 646 | 35.7 |
Service Support | 1060 | 58.6 |
Times Deployed | ||
0 | 338 | 27.9 |
1 | 474 | 39.1 |
2 or more | 399 | 32.9 |
Sexual Assault During Military Service | 534 | 28.7 |
Combat Experience | 766 | 40.3 |
Variable | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | M | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. T1 IPV | 0.17 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.10 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.14 ** | 0.16 ** | 0.06 | 0.21 ** | 0.12 ** | 0.16 ** | 0.07 * | -- | -- |
2. T1 PTSD | — | 0.72 ** | 0.10 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.75 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.03 | 0.19 ** | 0.70 ** | 0.61 ** | −0.01 | 28.40 | 22.63 |
3. T1 Depression | — | 0.11 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.65 ** | 0.74 ** | 0.01 | 0.21 ** | 0.64 ** | 0.71 ** | −0.01 | 7.81 | 7.03 | |
4. T1 Alcohol use | — | 0.09 * | 0.04 | 0.09 ** | 0.71 ** | 0.09 * | 0.07 | 0.12 ** | 0.67 ** | 3.18 | 2.20 | ||
5. T2 IPV | — | 0.23 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.05 | 0.26 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.20 ** | 0.04 | -- | -- | |||
6. T2 PTSD | — | 0.77 ** | 0.02 | 0.20 ** | 0.77 ** | 0.68 ** | −0.09 * | 22.08 | 20.24 | ||||
7. T2 Depression | — | 0.04 | 0.21 ** | 0.67 ** | 0.75 ** | 0.00 | 6.81 | 6.50 | |||||
8. T2 Alcohol use | — | 0.04 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.78 ** | 2.30 | 2.21 | ||||||
9. T3 IPV | — | 0.25 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.01 | -- | -- | |||||||
10. T3 PTSD | — | 0.79 ** | 0.00 | 20.67 | 20.01 | ||||||||
11. T3 Depression | — | 0.00 | 6.52 | 6.23 | |||||||||
12. T3 Alcohol use | — | 3.83 | 3.05 |
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Share and Cite
Iverson, K.M.; Rossi, F.S.; Nillni, Y.I.; Fox, A.B.; Galovski, T.E. PTSD and Depression Symptoms Increase Women’s Risk for Experiencing Future Intimate Partner Violence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912217
Iverson KM, Rossi FS, Nillni YI, Fox AB, Galovski TE. PTSD and Depression Symptoms Increase Women’s Risk for Experiencing Future Intimate Partner Violence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912217
Chicago/Turabian StyleIverson, Katherine M., Fernanda S. Rossi, Yael I. Nillni, Annie B. Fox, and Tara E. Galovski. 2022. "PTSD and Depression Symptoms Increase Women’s Risk for Experiencing Future Intimate Partner Violence" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12217. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912217