Micronutrients and the Risk of Allergic Diseases in School Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Child Health Assessment
2.3. Allergen Sensitization
2.4. Lung Function, Body Plethysmography (sRtot, Rocc)
2.5. Plasma Copper and Zinc Concentrations
2.6. Plasma Selenium Concentrations
2.7. Vitamin D, E and A Levels
2.8. Cotinine Level Assessment
2.9. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Asthma
3.2. Allergic Rhinitis (AR)
3.3. Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
3.4. Food Allergy
3.5. Lung Function
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Martini, L.; Pecoraro, L.; Salvottini, C.; Piacentini, G.; Atkinson, R.; Pietrobelli, A. Appropriate and inappropriate vitamin sup-plementation in children. J. Nutr. Sci. 2020, 9, e20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pecora, F.; Persico, F.; Argentiero, A.; Neglia, C.; Esposito, S. The Role of Micronutrients in Support of the Immune Response against Viral Infections. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, H.; Zhang, C.; Wang, Y.; Li, Y. Does vitamin E prevent asthma or wheeze in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Paediatr. Respir. Rev. 2018, 27, 60–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, M.J.; Kim, S.N.; Lee, Y.W.; Choe, Y.B.; Ahn, K.J. Vitamin D Status and Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2016, 8, 789. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stelmach, I.; Majak, P.; Jerzynska, J.; Podlecka, D.; Stelmach, W.; Polańska, K.; Gromadzińska, J.; Wąsowicz, W.; Hanke, W. Cord serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D correlates with early childhood viral-induced wheezing. Respir. Med. 2015, 109, 38–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Simon, D. Recent Advances in Clinical Allergy and Immunology 2019. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 2019, 180, 291–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Halken, S. Prevention of allergic disease in childhood: Clinical and epidemiological aspects of primary and secondary allergy prevention. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2004, 15 (Suppl. S16), 9–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stelmach, I.; Grzelewski, T.; Bobrowska-Korzeniowska, M.; Kopka, M.; Majak, P.; Jerzynska, J.; Stelmach, W.; Polańska, K.; Sobala, W.; Gromadzińska, J.; et al. The role of zinc, copper, plasma glutathione peroxidase enzyme, and vitamins in the development of allergic diseases in early childhood: The Polish mother and child cohort study. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2014, 35, 227–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bobrowska-Korzeniowska, M.; Jerzyńska, J.; Polańska, K.; Gromadzińska, J.; Hanke, W.; Wasowicz, W.; Stelmach, I. The role of antioxidants and 25-hydroxyvitamin D during pregnancy in the development of allergic diseases in early school-age children—Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2020, 41, e19–e25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bobrowska-Korzeniowska, M.; Kapszewicz, K.; Jerzynska, J.; Stelmach, W.; Polanska, K.; Gromadzinska, J.; Mikolajewska, K.; Hanke, W.; Stelmach, I. Early life environmental exposure in relation to new onset and remission of allergic diseases in school children: Polish Mother and Child Cohort Study. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2019, 40, 329–337. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shaheen, S.O.; Newson, R.B.; Henderson, A.J.; Emmett, P.M.; Sherriff, A.; Cooke, M.; ALSPAC Study Team. Umbilical cord trace elements and minerals and risk of early childhood wheezing and eczema. Eur. Respir. J. 2004, 24, 292–297. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Perisić, T.; Srećković, M.; Matić, G. An imbalance in antioxidant enzymes and stress proteins in childhood asthma. Clin. Biochem. 2007, 40, 1168–1171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kamer, B.; Wąsowicz, W.; Pyziak, K.; Kamer-Bartosińska, A.; Gromadzińska, J.; Pasowska, R. Role of selenium and zinc in the pathogenesis of food allergy in infants and young children. Arch. Med. Sci. 2012, 8, 1083–1088. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liao, M.F.; Chen, C.C.; Hsu, M.H. Evaluation of the serum antioxidant status in asthmatic children. Acta Paediatr. Taiwan 2004, 45, 213–217. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Bobrowska-Korzeniowska, M.; Brzozowska, A.; Jerzyńska, J.; Stelmach, W.; Stelmach, I. Usefulness of sRtot and Rint in bronchodilator testing in the diagnosis of asthma in children. Postepy Dermatol. Alergol. 2020, 37, 685–689. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Parsons, J.P.; Hallstrand, T.S.; Mastronarde, J.G.; Kaminsky, D.A.; Rundell, K.W.; Hull, J.H.; Storms, W.W.; Weiler, J.M.; Cheek, F.M.; Wilson, K.C.; et al. An official American Thoracic Society clinical practice guideline: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2013, 187, 1016–1027. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agarwal, R.P.; Henkon, R.L. A simple method for simultaneous estimation of zinc and copper in erythrocytes. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 1985, 7, 199–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neve, J.; Chamart, S.; Molle, L. Optimization of a direct procedure for the determination of selenium in plasma and erythrocytes using Zeeman effect atomic absorption spectroscopy. Trace Elem. Anal. Chem. Med. Biol. 1987, 4, 349–358. [Google Scholar]
- Grzelinska, Z.; Gromadzinska, J.; Swiercz, R.; Wasowicz, W. Plasma concentration of vitamin E, vitamin A and β-carotene in healthy men. Polish J. Environ. Study 2007, 16, 209–213. [Google Scholar]
- Devereux, G.; Turner, S.W.; Craig, L.C.; McNeill, G.; Martindale, S.; Harbour, P.J.; Helms, P.J.; Seaton, A. Low maternal vitamin E intake during pregnancy is associated with asthma in 5-year-old children. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2006, 174, 499–507. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stragierowicz, J.; Mikołajewska, K.; Zawadzka-Stolarz, M.; Polańska, K.; Ligocka, D. Estimation of cutoff values of cotinine in urine and saliva for pregnant women in Poland. BioMed Res. Int. 2013, 2013, 386784. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- CDC. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/micronutrient-malnutrition/micronutrients/index.html (accessed on 12 December 2021).
- Zajac, D. Mineral Micronutrients in Asthma. Nutrients 2021, 13, 4001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alexander, J.; Tinkov, A.; Strand, T.A.; Alehagen, U.; Skalny, A.; Aaseth, J. Early Nutritional Interventions with Zinc, Selenium and Vitamin D for Raising Anti-Viral Resistance Against Progressive COVID-19. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ariaee, N.; Farid, R.; Shabestari, F.; Shabestari, M.; Jabbari Azad, F. Trace elements status in sera of patients with allergic asthma. Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2016, 5, 20–25. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Guo, C.H.; Liu, P.J.; Hsia, S.; Chuang, C.J.; Chen, P.C. Role of certain trace minerals in oxidative stress, inflammation, CD4/CD8 lymphocyte ratios and lung function in asthmatic patients. Ann. Clin. Biochem. 2011, 48, 344–351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, G.; Cassano, P. Antioxidants and pulmonary function: The third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Am. J. Epidemiol. 2000, 151, 975–981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seaton, A.; Godden, D.J.; Brown, K. Increase in asthma: A more toxic environment or a more susceptible population? Thorax 1994, 49, 171–174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peroni, D.G.; Bonomo, B.; Casarotto, S.; Boner, A.L.; Piacentini, G.L. How changes in nutrition have influenced the development of allergic diseases in childhood. Ital. J. Pediatr. 2012, 38, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Litonjua, A.A.; Rifas-Shiman, S.L.; Ly, N.P.; Tantisira, K.G.; Rich-Edwards, J.W.; Camargo CAJr Weiss, S.T.; Gillman, M.W.; Gold, D.R. Maternal antioxidant intake in pregnancy and wheezing illnesses in children at 2 y of age. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 84, 903–911. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uysalol, M.; Uysalol, E.P.; Yilmaz, Y.; Parlakgul, G.; Ozden, T.A.; Ertem, H.V.; Omer, B.; Uzel, N. Serum level of vitamin D and trace elements in children with recurrent wheezing: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2014, 14, 270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sagdic, A.; Sener, O.; Bulucu, F.; Karadurmus, N.; Ozel, H.E.; Yamanel, L.; Tasci, C.; Naharci, I.; Ocal, R.; Aydin, A. Oxidative stress status and plasma trace elements in patients with asthma or allergic rhinitis. Allergol. Immunopathol. 2011, 39, 200–205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moreno-Macias, H.; Romieu, I. Effects of antioxidant supplements and nutrients on patients with asthma and allergies. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2014, 133, 1237–1244, quiz 1245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Han, Y.Y.; Forno, E.; Holguin, F.; Celedón, J.C. Diet and asthma: An update. Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2015, 15, 369–374. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gilliland, F.D.; Berhane, K.T.; Li, Y.F.; Gauderman, W.J.; McConnell, R.; Peters, J. Children’s lung function and antioxidant vitamin, fruit, juice and vegetable intake. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2003, 158, 576–584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harik-Khan, R.I.; Muller, D.C.; Wise, R.A. Serum vitamin levels and the risk of asthma in children. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004, 159, 351–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schwartz, J.; Weiss, S.T. Dietary factors and their relation to respiratory symptoms. The Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am. J. Epidemiol 1990, 132, 67–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chytil, F. The lungs and vitamin A. Am. J. Physiol. 1992, 262, L517–L527. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kiraly, N.; Balde, A.; Lisse, I.M.; Eriksen, H.B.; Aaby, P.; Benn, C.S. Vitamin a supplementation and risk of atopy: Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial of vitamin a supplementation at six and nine months of age. BMC Pediatr. 2013, 13, 190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Liu, M.; Wang, C.; Xiao, Y.; An, T.; Zou, M.; Cheng, G. Association between vitamin D status and asthma control: A me-ta-analysis of randomized trials. Respir. Med. 2019, 150, 85–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Babar, M.Z.M.; Hussain, M.; Majeed, S.A. Vitamin D supplementation improves FEV1 in patients of bronchial asthma. Pak. J. Med. Sci. 2017, 33, 1144–1147. [Google Scholar]
- Martineau, A.R.; MacLaughlin, B.D.; Hooper, R.L.; Barnes, N.C.; Jolliffe, D.A.; Greiller, C.L.; Kilpin, K.; McLaughlin, D.; Fletcher, G.; Mein, C.A.; et al. Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of bolus-dose vitamin D3 supplementation in adults with asthma (ViDiAs). Thorax 2015, 70, 451–457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- de Groot, J.C.; van Roon, E.N.; Storm, H.; Veeger, N.J.; Zwinderman, A.H.; Hiemstra, P.S.; Bel, E.H.D.; Ten Brinke, A. Vitamin D reduces eosinophilic airway inflammation in nonatopic asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2015, 135, 670–675.e3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Arshi, S.; Fallahpour, M.; Nabavi, M.; Bemanian, M.H.; Javad-Mousavi, S.A.; Nojomi, M.; Esmaeilzadeh, H.; Molatefi, R.; Rekabi, M.; Jalali, F.; et al. The effects of vitamin D supplementation on airway functions in mild to moderate persistent asthma. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2014, 113, 404–409. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kerley, C.P.; Hutchinson, K.; Cormican, L.; Faul, J.; Greally, P.; Coghlan, D.; Elnazir, B. Vitamin D3 for uncontrolled childhood asthma: A pilot study. Pediatr. Allergy Immunol. 2016, 27, 404–412. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Majak, P.; Olszowiec-Chlebna, M.; Smejda, K.; Stelmach, I. Vitamin D supplementation in children may prevent asthma exacerbation triggered by acute respiratory infection. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2011, 127, 1294–1296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Majak, P.; Rychlik, B.; Stelmach, I. The effect of oral steroids with and without vitamin D3 on early efficacy of immunotherapy in asthmatic children. Clin. Exp. Allergy 2009, 39, 1830–1841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cassim, R.; Russell, M.A.; Lodge, C.J.; Lowe, A.J.; Koplin, J.J.; Dharmage, S.C. The role of circulating 25 hydroxyvitamin D in asthma: A systematic review. Allergy 2015, 70, 339–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jat, K.R.; Khairwa, A. Vitamin D and asthma in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Lung India 2017, 34, 355–363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, A.; Sjoukes, A.; Richards, D.; Banya, W.; Hawrylowicz, C.; Bush, A.; Saglani, S. Relationship between serum Vitamin D, disease severity, and airway remodeling in children with asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2011, 184, 1342–1349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chinellato, I.; Piazza, M.; Sandri, M.; Peroni, D.; Piacentini, G.; Boner, A.L. Vitamin D serum levels and markers of asthma control in Italian children. J. Pediatr. 2011, 158, 437–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Menon, J.; Maranda, L.; Nwosu, B.U. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels do not correlate with asthma severity in a case-controlled study of children and adolescents. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2012, 25, 673–679. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krobtrakulchai, W.; Praikanahok, J.; Visitsunthorn, N.; Vichyanond, P.; Manonukul, K.; Pratumvinit, B.; Jirapongsananuruk, O. The effect of vitamin d status on pediatric asthma at a university hospital, Thailand. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res. 2013, 5, 289–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Neagu, F. Hypovitaminosis D is very frequent but not associated with asthmacontrol in a low-income pediatric population seen in an allergy and immunology clinic. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2012, 129 (Suppl. S1), AB153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kelly, F.J.; Mudway, I.; Blomberg, A.; Frew, A.; Sandström, T. Altered lung antioxidant status in patients with mild asthma. Lancet 1999, 354, 482–483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilkinson, M.; Hart, A.; Milan, S.J.; Sugumar, K. Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014, 2014, CD010749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Misso, N.L.A.; Brooks-Wildhaber, J.; Ray, S.; Vally, H.; Thompson, P.J. Plasma concentrations of dietary and non-dietary antioxidants are low in severe asthma. Eur. Respir. J. 2005, 26, 257–264. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fogarty, A. Antioxidants and asthma: Will the patient benefit. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 2012, 16, 1423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, S.; Britton, J.R.; Leonardi-Bee, J.A. Association between antioxidant vitamins and asthma outcome measures: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2009, 64, 610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Variable | Total Group | Asthma | Allergic Rhinitis | Atopic Dermatitis | Food Allergy | HDM Allergy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | 82 | 41 | 41 | 16 | 14 | 20 |
Sex, female, n (%) | 47 (57.3) | 23 (56.1) | 24 (58.5) | 7 (43.8) | 6 (42.9) | 9 (45.0) |
Age of mother, years, mean ± SD | 28.38 ± 4.44 | 27.11 ± 4.35 | 27.07 ± 4.70 | 28.45 ± 4.47 | 27.20 ± 3.41 | 26.61 ± 3.16 |
BMI *, mean ± SD | 21.47 ± 3.82 | 20.56 ± 4.05 | 20.78 ± 4.28 | 19.28 ± 5.45 | 20.65 ± 2.26 | 20.30 ± 1.81 |
Mother’s education, n (%) | ||||||
≤9 years of education | 12 (14.6) | 12 (29.3) | 11 (26.8) | 4 (25.0) | 4 (28.6) | 8 (40.0) |
10–12 years of education | 21 (25.6) | 10 (24.4) | 9 (22.0) | 3 (18.8) | 1 (7.1) | 1 (5.0) |
>12 years of education | 49 (59.8) | 19 (46.3) | 21 (51.2) | 9 (56.3) | 9 (64.3) | 11 (55.0) |
Socio-economic status, n (%) | ||||||
Modest | 38 (46.3) | 23 (56.1) | 20 (48.8) | 10 (62.5) | 10 (71.4) | 9 (45.0) |
High | 44 (53.7) | 18 (43.9) | 21 (51.2) | 6 (37.5) | 4 (28.6) | 11 (55.0) |
Parity, n (%) | ||||||
0 | 44 (53.7) | 26 (63.4) | 26 (63.4) | 8 (50.0) | 6 (42.9) | 12 (60.0) |
1 | 10 (12.2) | 10 (24.4) | 9 (22.0) | 3 (18.8) | 2 (14.3) | 5 (25.0) |
>1 | 28 (34.1) | 5 (12.2) | 6 (14.6) | 5 (31.3) | 6 (42.9) | 3 (15.0) |
Astma, n (%) | 41 (50.0) | 41 (100.0) | 35 (85.4) | 13 (81.3) | 11 (78.6) | 18 (90.0) |
Allergic rhinitis, n (%) | 41 (50.0) | 35 (85.4) | 41 (100.0) | 8 (50.0) | 7 (50.0) | 19 (95.0) |
Atopic dermatitis, n (%) | 16 (19.5) | 13 (31.7) | 8 (19.5) | 16 (100.0) | 9 (64.3) | 7 (35.0) |
Food allergy, n (%) | 14 (17.1) | 11 (26.8) | 7 (17.1) | 9 (56.3) | 14 (100.0) | 7 (35.0) |
HDM allergy, n (%) | 20 (24.4) | 18 (43.9) | 19 (46.3) | 7 (43.8) | 7 (50.0) | 20 (100.0) |
Skin prick test, n (%) | 43 (52.4) | 36 (87.8) | 41 (100.0) | 9 (56.3) | 7 (50.0) | 20 (100.0) |
Dampness, n (%) | 27 (32.9) | 22 (53.7) | 18 (43.9) | 10 (62.5) | 9 (64.3) | 17 (85.0) |
Breastfed, n (%) | 82 (100.0) | 41 (100.0) | 41 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 14 (100.0) | 20 (100.0) |
Pets, n (%) | 82 (100.0) | 41 (100.0) | 41 (100.0) | 16 (100.0) | 14 (100.0) | 20 (100.0) |
Cotinine _child_urine_ng/mL, geometric mean ± SD | 1.88 ± 3.15 | 2.16 ± 3.43 | 2.06 ± 3.73 | 2.13 ± 1.85 | 1.70 ± 1.76 | 2.35 ± 3.24 |
FEV1% (B/P ^), mean ± SD | 101.93 ± 16.61 | 96.79 ± 17.32 | 96.65 ± 15.91 | 108.43 ± 19.01 | 105.96 ± 20.33 | 99.82 ± 15.76 |
FVC% (B/P ^), mean ± SD | 92.46 ± 15.25 | 92.27 ± 15.14 | 91.14 ± 14.21 | 98.92 ± 18.30 | 95.38 ± 19.17 | 94.46 ± 14.22 |
Se (µg/L), mean ± SD | 66.56 ± 11.77 | 64.61 ± 12.80 | 64.76 ± 12.40 | 66.75 ± 14.76 | 62.64 ± 12.63 | 62.60 ± 12.55 |
Cu (mg/L) mean ± SD | 100.63 ± 17.46 | 96.67 ± 17.43 | 96.40 ± 18.80 | 103.97 ± 13.45 | 109.61 ± 12.04 | 96.28 ± 17.61 |
Zn (mg/L) mean ± SD | 84.82 ± 15.63 | 88.57 ± 18.05 | 88.27 ± 14.78 | 83.66 ± 23.60 | 80.39 ± 16.55 | 89.46 ± 18.29 |
Vit D 25 (ng/mL), mean ± SD | 22.43 ± 7.94 | 23.28 ± 8.87 | 23.48 ± 8.45 | 21.87 ± 7.00 | 22.78 ± 8.86 | 23.56 ± 7.94 |
Vit D 1,25 (ng/mL), mean ± SD | 58.28 ± 20.05 | 56.68 ± 21.98 | 56.91 ± 18.88 | 60.33 ± 26.01 | 64.46 ± 25.54 | 57.37 ± 20.79 |
Vit A (µg/mL), mean ± SD | 0.33 ± 0.11 | 0.31 ± 0.12 | 0.32 ± 0.13 | 0.34 ± 0.14 | 0.32 ± 0.08 | 0.33 ± 0.14 |
Vit E (µg/mL) mean ± SD | 9.40 ± 2.50 | 8.87 ± 2.14 | 8.93 ± 2.61 | 9.67 ± 2.02 | 10.03 ± 1.89 | 9.27 ± 1.89 |
Investigated Trait | Allergy/Disease Present | Allergy/Disease Absent | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | 95% CI | Range | Mean ± SD | 95% CI | Range | ||
Asthma | |||||||
Se (µg/L) | 64.61 ± 12.80 | 60.57–68.65 | 38.00–91.00 | 68.51 ± 10.44 | 65.22–71.81 | 53.00–94.00 | 0.135 |
Cu (mg/L) | 96.67 ± 17.43 | 91.17–102.20 | 61.20–131.70 | 104.59 ± 16.77 | 99.30–109.90 | 65.40–133.60 | 0.039 |
Zn (mg/L) | 88.57 ± 18.05 | 82.87–94.27 | 58.10–147.60 | 81.06 ± 11.84 | 77.33–84.80 | 62.20–106.00 | 0.029 |
Vit D 25 (ng/mL) | 23.28 ± 8.87 | 20.48–26.07 | 7.80–52.80 | 21.59 ± 6.90 | 19.41–23.77 | 5.70–37.40 | 0.339 |
Vit D 1,25 (ng/mL) | 56.68 ± 21.98 | 49.74–63.62 | 27.80–134.30 | 59.87 ± 18.04 | 54.18–65.57 | 31.50–114.40 | 0.475 |
Vit A (µg/mL) | 0.31 ± 0.12 | 0.27–0.35 | 0.14–0.64 | 0.35 ± 0.10 | 0.32–0.38 | 0.19–0.68 | 0.146 |
Vit E (µg/mL) | 8.87 ± 2.14 | 8.19–9.54 | 5.16–14.80 | 9.93 ± 2.73 | 9.07–10.79 | 4.44–19.04 | 0.053 |
Allergic rhinitis | |||||||
Se (µg/L) | 64.76 ± 12.40 | 60.84–68.67 | 38.00–91.00 | 68.37 ± 10.97 | 64.90–71.83 | 53.00–94.00 | 0.167 |
Cu (mg/L) | 96.40 ± 18.80 | 90.46–102.30 | 61.20–133.60 | 104.86 ± 15.08 | 100.10–109.60 | 78.20–133.50 | 0.027 |
Zn (mg/L) | 88.27 ± 14.78 | 83.60–92.93 | 58.10–130.20 | 81.37 ± 15.88 | 76.35–86.38 | 62.20–147.60 | 0.045 |
Vit D 25 (ng/mL) | 23.48 ± 8.45 | 20.82–26.15 | 7.80–52.80 | 21.38 ± 7.35 | 19.06–23.70 | 5.70–37.40 | 0.233 |
Vit D 1,25 (ng/mL) | 56.91 ± 18.88 | 50.95–62.87 | 27.80–103.30 | 59.65 ± 21.30 | 52.93–66.37 | 31.50–134.30 | 0.539 |
Vit A (µg/mL) | 0.32 ± 0.13 | 0.28–0.36 | 0.14–0.68 | 0.34 ± 0.10 | 0.31–0.37 | 0.19–0.63 | 0.318 |
Vit E (µg/mL) | 8.93 ± 2.61 | 8.11–9.76 | 5.16–19.04 | 9.87 ± 2.31 | 9.14–10.60 | 4.44–15.01 | 0.090 |
Atopic dermatitis | |||||||
Se (µg/L) | 66.75 ± 14.76 | 58.88–74.62 | 38.00–94.00 | 66.52 ± 11.07 | 63.79–69.24 | 40.00–91.00 | 0.953 |
Cu (mg/L) | 103.97 ± 13.45 | 96.80–111.10 | 80.70–131.70 | 99.82 ± 18.30 | 95.32–104.30 | 61.20–133.60 | 0.314 |
Zn (mg/L) | 83.66 ± 23.60 | 71.09–96.24 | 58.10–147.60 | 85.10 ± 13.25 | 81.84–88.36 | 63.00–130.20 | 0.817 |
Vit D 25 (ng/mL) | 21.87 ± 7.00 | 18.14–25.60 | 7.80–35.80 | 22.57 ± 8.20 | 20.55–24.58 | 5.70–52.80 | 0.732 |
Vit D 1,25 (ng/mL) | 60.33 ± 26.01 | 46.47–74.19 | 27.80–134.30 | 57.78 ± 18.53 | 53.22–62.34 | 29.80–114.40 | 0.715 |
Vit A (µg/mL) | 0.34 ± 0.14 | 0.27–0.41 | 0.15–0.64 | 0.33 ± 0.11 | 0.30–0.35 | 0.14–0.68 | 0.722 |
Vit E (µg/mL) | 9.67 ± 2.02 | 8.60–10.75 | 5.75–13.40 | 9.33 ± 2.61 | 8.70–9.97 | 4.44–19.04 | 0.571 |
Food allergy | |||||||
Se (µg/L) | 62.64 ± 12.63 | 55.35–69.94 | 38.00–83.00 | 67.37 ± 11.52 | 64.58–70.16 | 40.00–94.00 | 0.213 |
Cu (mg/L) | 109.61 ± 12.04 | 102.70–116.60 | 93.00–131.70 | 98.78 ± 17.89 | 94.45–103.10 | 61.20–133.60 | 0.009 |
Zn (mg/L) | 80.39 ± 16.55 | 70.84–89.95 | 58.10–115.30 | 85.73 ± 15.41 | 82.00–89.46 | 63.00–147.60 | 0.281 |
Vit D 25 (ng/mL) | 22.78 ± 8.86 | 17.66–27.89 | 7.80–37.40 | 22.36 ± 7.81 | 20.47–24.25 | 5.70–52.80 | 0.872 |
Vit D 1,25 (ng/mL) | 64.46 ± 25.54 | 49.71–79.20 | 31.50–134.30 | 57.01 ± 18.70 | 52.48–61.53 | 27.80–114.40 | 0.316 |
Vit A (µg/mL) | 0.32 ± 0.08 | 0.28–0.37 | 0.15–0.42 | 0.33 ± 0.12 | 0.30–0.36 | 0.14–0.68 | 0.758 |
Vit E (µg/mL) | 10.03 ± 1.89 | 8.93–11.12 | 6.94–14.52 | 9.27 ± 2.60 | 8.64–9.90 | 4.44–19.04 | 0.217 |
HDM allergy | |||||||
Se (µg/L) | 62.60 ± 12.55 | 56.73–68.47 | 38.00–88.00 | 67.84 ± 11.32 | 64.96–70.71 | 42.00–94.00 | 0.107 |
Cu (mg/L) | 96.28 ± 17.61 | 88.04–104.50 | 68.00–124.00 | 102.03 ± 17.32 | 97.64–106.40 | 61.20–133.60 | 0.211 |
Zn (mg/L) | 89.46 ± 18.29 | 80.90–98.02 | 58.10–130.20 | 83.32 ± 14.53 | 79.63–87.01 | 62.20–147.60 | 0.182 |
Vit D 25 (ng/mL) | 23.56 ± 7.94 | 19.84–27.27 | 7.80–42.30 | 22.07 ± 7.97 | 20.04–24.09 | 5.70–52.80 | 0.473 |
Vit D 1,25 (ng/mL) | 57.37 ± 20.79 | 47.63–67.10 | 32.40–103.30 | 58.57 ± 19.97 | 53.50–63.64 | 27.80–134.30 | 0.821 |
Vit A (µg/mL) | 0.33 ± 0.14 | 0.27–0.40 | 0.14–0.64 | 0.33 ± 0.10 | 0.30–0.36 | 0.19–0.68 | 0.938 |
Vit E (µg/mL) | 9.27 ± 1.89 | 8.39–10.16 | 5.35–13.40 | 9.44 ± 2.67 | 8.76–10.12 | 4.44–19.04 | 0.755 |
Investigated Trait | Unadjusted Models | Adjusted Models * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI for OR | p | ORadj | 95% CI for ORadj | padj | |
Asthma | ||||||
Se (µg/L) | 0.97 | 0.93–1.01 | 0.136 | 0.97 | 0.93–1.02 | 0.221 |
Cu (mg/L) | 0.97 | 0.95–0.99 | 0.043 | 0.97 | 0.94–1.002 | 0.080 |
Zn (mg/L) | 1.04 | 1.004–1.07 | 0.036 | 1.04 | 1.01–1.08 | 0.034 |
Vit D 25 (ng/mL) | 1.03 | 0.97–1.09 | 0.337 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.09 | 0.436 |
Vit D 1,25 (ng/mL) | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.471 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.438 |
Vit A (µg/mL) | 0.05 | 0.01–2.60 | 0.149 | 0.02 | 0.001–1.04 | 0.093 |
Vit E (µg/mL) | 0.83 | 0.67–1.09 | 0.060 | 0.89 | 0.71–1.08 | 0.264 |
Allergic rhinitis | ||||||
Se (µg/L) | 0.97 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.167 | 0.97 | 0.93–1.02 | 0.266 |
Cu (mg/L) | 0.97 | 0.94–0.99 | 0.031 | 0.97 | 0.94–1.001 | 0.061 |
Zn (mg/L) | 1.003 | 1.001–1.07 | 0.053 | 1.03 | 1.01–1.07 | 0.059 |
Vit D 25 (ng/mL) | 1.04 | 0.98–1.10 | 0.234 | 1.04 | 0.97–1.11 | 0.273 |
Vit D 1,25 (ng/mL) | 0.99 | 0.97–1.02 | 0.535 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.02 | 0.502 |
Vit A (µg/mL) | 0.13 | 0.002–6.55 | 0.315 | 0.08 | 0.001–5.47 | 0.257 |
Vit E (µg/mL) | 0.85 | 0.69–1.02 | 0.096 | 0.90 | 0.73–1.09 | 0.305 |
Atopic dermatitis | ||||||
Se (µg/L) | 1.002 | 0.96–1.05 | 0.943 | 1.01 | 0.96–1.06 | 0.786 |
Cu (mg/L) | 1.01 | 0.98–1.05 | 0.393 | 1.02 | 0.99–1.06 | 0.262 |
Zn (mg/L) | 0.99 | 0.96–1.03 | 0.741 | 0.99 | 0.95–1.03 | 0.811 |
Vit D 25 (ng/mL) | 0.99 | 0.92–1.06 | 0.751 | 0.98 | 0.90–1.06 | 0.645 |
Vit D 1,25 (ng/mL) | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.647 | 1.005 | 0.98–1.30 | 0.742 |
Vit A (µg/mL) | 2.81 | 0.02–298.44 | 0.671 | 2.58 | 0.01–346.84 | 0.711 |
Vit E (µg/mL) | 1.06 | 0.84–1.30 | 0.621 | 1.09 | 0.86–1.38 | 0.467 |
Food allergy | ||||||
Se (µg/L) | 1.09 | 0.86–1.38 | 0.467 | 0.97 | 0.91–1.02 | 0.234 |
Cu (mg/L) | 1.04 | 1.004–1.08 | 0.040 | 1.05 | 1.01–1.11 | 0.020 |
Zn (mg/L) | 0.97 | 0.93–1.01 | 0.244 | 0.98 | 0.93–1.02 | 0.424 |
Vit D 25 (ng/mL) | 1.01 | 0.93–1.08 | 0.857 | 0.99 | 0.91–1.07 | 0.808 |
Vit D 1,25 (ng/mL) | 1.02 | 0.99–1.05 | 0.211 | 1.02 | 0.99–1.05 | 0.202 |
Vit A (µg/mL) | 0.53 | 0.002–80.02 | 0.812 | 0.24 | 0.001–61.18 | 0.638 |
Vit E (µg/mL) | 1.12 | 0.89–1.40 | 0.306 | 1.21 | 094–1.57 | 0.136 |
r | p | |
---|---|---|
Se (µg/L) | −0.09 | 0.397 |
Cu (mg/L) | −0.01 | 0.954 |
Zn (mg/L) | −0.14 | 0.203 |
Vit D 25 (ng/mL) | −0.07 | 0.537 |
Vit D 1,25 (ng/mL) | 0.06 | 0.574 |
Vit A (µg/mL) | −0.09 | 0.410 |
Vit E (µg/mL) | 0.02 | 0.837 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Podlecka, D.; Jerzyńska, J.; Sanad, K.; Polańska, K.; Bobrowska-Korzeniowska, M.; Stelmach, I.; Brzozowska, A. Micronutrients and the Risk of Allergic Diseases in School Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912187
Podlecka D, Jerzyńska J, Sanad K, Polańska K, Bobrowska-Korzeniowska M, Stelmach I, Brzozowska A. Micronutrients and the Risk of Allergic Diseases in School Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912187
Chicago/Turabian StylePodlecka, Daniela, Joanna Jerzyńska, Khadijah Sanad, Kinga Polańska, Monika Bobrowska-Korzeniowska, Iwona Stelmach, and Agnieszka Brzozowska. 2022. "Micronutrients and the Risk of Allergic Diseases in School Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12187. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912187