Beyond a Spray: Pesticide Application Management in Rural China Based on Quadrilateral Evolutionary Game
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Stakeholders and Game Framework
2.2. Game Model Assumptions
2.2.1. Assumption 1
2.2.2. Assumption 2
2.2.3. Assumption 3
2.2.4. Assumption 4
2.3. Game Model Establishment
2.4. Equilibrium Solution of the Quadrilateral Evolutionary Game
2.4.1. Stability Analysis of Equilibrium Points When Local Governments Choose Loose Regulation ()
2.4.2. Stability Analysis of Equilibrium Points When Local Governments Choose Strict Regulation ()
2.5. Data Sources
3. Result
4. Discussion
4.1. The Probability () and Economic Loss () of Retailers
4.2. The Organic Certification Cost () for Farmers
4.3. The Strict Regulation Cost () of Local Governments
4.4. The Purchase Price of OAPs () and Premium ()
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Calculative Process in Section 2.3
Appendix B. Calculative Process in Section 2.4
References
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Meanings | ||
---|---|---|
Costs of local governments when choosing strict/loose regulation | ||
Fines levied by local governments | ||
Fines of retailers when choosing H-CP recommendations | ||
Probability of economic loss when choosing H-CP recommendations | ||
Economic loss due to credit decline | ||
Costs of fixed facilities and learning pressure for organic certification | ||
Probability of successfully applying for organic certification | ||
Yield decrease due to increased labour | ||
The price of OAPs/CAPs | ||
The price increase multiple of OAPs/CAPs | ||
Fines of farmers when choosing CP |
Retails | Farmers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Consumers | Consumers | |||
Organic | Conventional | Organic | Conventional | |
L-CP recommendations | ||||
H-CP recommendations | ||||
Retails | Farmers | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Consumers | Consumers | |||
Organic | Conventional | Organic | Conventional | |
L-CP recommendations | ||||
H-CP recommendations | ||||
Equilibrium Points | Stability | Stable Conditions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
− | − | − | + | Unstable | \ | |
− | − | U | − | ESS | ||
− | − | + | U | Unstable | \ | |
− | − | U | U | ESS | ||
− | + | − | + | Unstable | \ | |
− | + | U | − | Unstable | \ | |
− | + | + | U | Unstable | \ | |
− | + | U | U | Unstable | \ |
Equilibrium Points | Stability | Stable Conditions | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
− | U | U | + | Unstable | \ | |
− | U | U | − | ESS | ||
− | U | U | U | ESS | ||
− | U | U | U | ESS | ||
− | U | U | + | Unstable | \ | |
− | U | U | − | ESS | ||
+ | U | U | U | Unstable | \ | |
+ | U | U | U | Unstable | \ |
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Zhao, Z.; Li, B. Beyond a Spray: Pesticide Application Management in Rural China Based on Quadrilateral Evolutionary Game. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912096
Zhao Z, Li B. Beyond a Spray: Pesticide Application Management in Rural China Based on Quadrilateral Evolutionary Game. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912096
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Zilu, and Bo Li. 2022. "Beyond a Spray: Pesticide Application Management in Rural China Based on Quadrilateral Evolutionary Game" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12096. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912096