Enzyme Activities in Reduction of Heavy Metal Pollution from Alice Landfill Site in Eastern Cape, South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of the Study Area
2.1.1. Collection and Preparation of Soil Sample
2.1.2. Enzyme Assay
2.1.3. The Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) Analysis
2.1.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. ICP-MS Elemental Analysis
Soil Heavy Metal Concentration (mg/kg) | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sampling Sites | Al | Ba | Ca | Fe | K | Mg | Mn | Na | Ni | P | Sr | Zn | Co | Cr | Cu |
Site 1A | 21,943 | 265 | 8131 | 15,339 | 5835 | 1986 | 623 | 676 | 11 | 403 | 46 | 107 | 12 | 35 | 31 |
Site 1B | 36,265 | 336 | 6348 | 22,608 | 9513 | 3139 | 656 | 523 | 15 | 420 | 50 | 160 | 11 | 45 | 82 |
Site 1C | 25,198 | 228 | 8880 | 15,463 | 7162 | 2279 | 437 | 374 | 11 | 470 | 63 | 112 | 9 | 43 | 75 |
Site 1D | 24,100 | 145 | 3149 | 17,267 | 5105 | 2125 | 417 | 496 | 18 | 296 | 25 | 30 | 12 | 57 | 12 |
Site 2A | 29,435 | 402 | 33,584 | 25,098 | 9179 | 3704 | 938 | 1541 | 21 | 1344 | 87 | 1031 | 17 | 68 | 179 |
Site 2B | 40,654 | 302 | 3431 | 23,227 | 9717 | 3006 | 527 | 363 | 15 | 284 | 36 | 65 | 11 | 47 | 24 |
Site 2C | 24,435 | 213 | 5536 | 15,322 | 6989 | 2055 | 404 | 288 | 10 | 328 | 52 | 58 | 8 | 40 | 18 |
Site 2D | 25,589 | 176 | 3651 | 18,707 | 4773 | 2419 | 489 | 587 | 19 | 192 | 33 | 30 | 13 | 63 | 12 |
Site 3A | 25,893 | 356 | 7815 | 19,079 | 6913 | 2403 | 776 | 643 | 15 | 412 | 56 | 105 | 13 | 43 | 28 |
Site 3B | 31,172 | 298 | 6335 | 19,629 | 8185 | 2670 | 633 | 476 | 15 | 346 | 47 | 129 | 11 | 44 | 33 |
Site 3C | 26,855 | 232 | 7808 | 16,678 | 7066 | 2336 | 433 | 396 | 13 | 403 | 56 | 98 | 9 | 45 | 39 |
Site 3D | 26,646 | 169 | 5286 | 20,163 | 5499 | 2759 | 499 | 1029 | 19 | 235 | 35 | 37 | 13 | 58 | 17 |
WHO permissible limits (mg/kg) [15] | n. a | n. a | n. a | 1000 | n. a | n. a | 500 | n. a | 75 | n. a | n. a | 50 | 50 | 63 | 30 |
3.2. Concentration of Selected Soil Enzymes Activity in the Soil
3.3. The One-Way ANOVA Results of Soil Heavy Metals
3.4. Correlation between Enzyme Activity and Metal Content in the Soil
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Enzyme | Substrate | Incubation Hours | Metabolite |
---|---|---|---|
Invertase | 3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid | 12 | Glucose |
Urease | Urea (CH4N2O) | 3 | NH4–N (Ammonium) |
Catalase | 3% H2O2 (Hydrogen peroxide) | 3 | KMnO4 (Potassium manganate) |
Phosphatase | C6H5PO4Na2·2H2O (Phenyl phosphate disodium salt dihydrate) | 1 | Phenol (C6H6O) |
Urease (μg NH4- N⋅g−1 Soil⋅h−1) | Invertase (μg Glucose⋅g−1 Soil⋅h−1) | Catalase (mL KmnO4⋅g−1 Soil⋅h−1) | Phosphatase (μg Phenol⋅g−1 Soil⋅h−1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Week 1 | Site 1A | 0.09 ± 0.05 c | 3.66 ± 2.11 d | 0.65 ± 0.37 b | 1.59 ± 0.92 d |
Site 1B | 0.11 ± 0.06 c | 3.65 ± 2.10 d | 0.80 ± 0.46 cd | 3.49 ± 2.01 ab | |
Site 1C | 0.12 ± 0.07 c | 3.66 ± 2.11 d | 1.36 ± 0.78 a | 3.66 ± 2.11 e | |
Site 2 | 0.10 ± 0.06 c | 3.60 ± 2.08 d | 0.87 ± 0.50 cd | 1.42 ± 0.82 d | |
Week 2 | Site 1A | 0.11 ± 0.06 c | 3.35 ± 1.93 d | 0.97 ± 0.56 cd | 2.37 ± 1.37 c |
Site 1B | 0.10 ± 0.05 c | 3.48 ± 2.01 d | 0.46 ± 0.27 ab | 3.49 ± 2.01 ab | |
Site 1C | 0.12 ± 0.07 c | 3.18 ± 1.83 d | 1.14 ± 0.66 a | 2.79 ± 1.61 a | |
Site 2 | 0.13 ± 0.07 c | 3.47 ± 2.01 d | 0.65 ± 0.37 b | 2.33 ± 1.34 c | |
Week 3 | Site 1A | 0.22 ± 0.13 cd | 2.88 ± 1.66 c | 2.27 ± 1.31 c | 3.97 ± 2.29 e |
Site 1B | 0.12 ± 0.07 c | 3.26 ± 1.88 d | 2.58 ± 1.49 d | 3.67 ± 2.12 e | |
Site 1C | 0.15 ± 0.09 c | 2.43 ± 1.52 c | 2.63 ± 1.52 d | 3.98 ± 2.30 e | |
Site 2 | 0.14 ± 0.0 c | 3.36 ± 1.94 d | 1.57 ± 0.91 a | 3.65 ± 2.10 e |
ANOVA | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metals | |||||
Sum of Squares | df | Mean Square | F | Sig. | |
Between Groups | 11,565,655,644.36 | 13 | 889,665,818.797 | 112.556 | 0.000 |
Within Groups | 1,217,252,533.27 | 154 | 7,904,237.229 | ||
Total | 12,782,908,177.63 | 167 |
Correlations | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urease | Invertase | Catalase | Phosphatase | Al | Ba | Ca | Co | Cr | Cu | Fe | K | Mg | Mn | Na | Ni | Sr | Zn | |
Urease | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
Invertase | −0.013 | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Catalase | 0.202 | −0.516 | 1 | |||||||||||||||
Phosphatase | 0.448 | −0.230 | 0.754 ** | 1 | ||||||||||||||
Al | −0.052 | −0.067 | −0.318 | −0.315 | 1 | |||||||||||||
Ba | −0.343 | −0.153 | 0.016 | −0.282 | 0.480 | 1 | ||||||||||||
Ca | −0.265 | −0.323 | 0.136 | −0.218 | −0.003 | 0.622 * | 1 | |||||||||||
Co | −0.139 | −0.286 | −0.140 | −0.424 | 0.045 | 0.399 | 0.610 * | 1 | ||||||||||
Cr | 0.044 | −0.333 | −0.369 | −0.443 | 0.054 | −0.075 | 0.448 | 0.707 * | 1 | |||||||||
Cu | −0.117 | −0.483 | 0.232 | −0.071 | 0.205 | 0.675 * | 0.921 ** | 0.478 | 0.369 | 1 | ||||||||
Fe | −0.136 | −0.212 | −0.379 | −0.572 | 0.753 ** | 0.621 * | 0.482 | 0.659 * | 0.550 | 0.552 | 1 | |||||||
K | −0.162 | −0.108 | −0.059 | −0.216 | 0.818 ** | 0.786 ** | 0.390 | 0.018 | −0.121 | 0.576 * | 0.659 * | 1 | ||||||
Mg | −0.162 | −0.251 | −0.279 | −0.475 | 0.684 * | 0.654 * | 0.639* | 0.615 * | 0.546 | 0.731 ** | 0.957 ** | 0.709 ** | 1 | |||||
Mn | −0.303 | −0.218 | 0.006 | −0.376 | 0.219 | 0.875 ** | 0.745 ** | 0.761 ** | 0.242 | 0.694 * | 0.653 * | 0.473 | 0.670 * | 1 | ||||
Na | −0.208 | −0.208 | −0.033 | −0.343 | −0.068 | 0.385 | 0.806 ** | 0.893 ** | 0.664 * | 0.665 * | 0.571 | 0.073 | 0.642 * | 0.717 ** | 1 | |||
Ni | 0.132 | −0.243 | −0.406 | −0.485 | 0.171 | 0.062 | 0.387 | 0.831 ** | 0.931 ** | 0.324 | 0.682 * | −0.047 | 0.626 * | 0.402 | 0.709 ** | 1 | ||
Sr | −0.366 | −0.202 | 0.175 | −0.048 | −0.012 | 0.702 * | 0.854 ** | 0.230 | 0.038 | 0.853 ** | 0.245 | 0.506 | 0.453 | 0.631 * | 0.481 | −0.041 | 1 | |
Zn | −0.224 | −0.351 | 0.081 | −0.302 | 0.117 | 0.648 * | 0.986 ** | 0.645 * | 0.510 | 0.928 ** | 0.592 * | 0.460 | 0.724 ** | 0.765 ** | 0.804 ** | 0.466 | 0.796 ** | 1 |
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Maphuhla, N.G.; Lewu, F.B.; Oyedeji, O.O. Enzyme Activities in Reduction of Heavy Metal Pollution from Alice Landfill Site in Eastern Cape, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12054. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912054
Maphuhla NG, Lewu FB, Oyedeji OO. Enzyme Activities in Reduction of Heavy Metal Pollution from Alice Landfill Site in Eastern Cape, South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12054. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912054
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaphuhla, Nontobeko Gloria, Francis Bayo Lewu, and Opeoluwa Oyehan Oyedeji. 2022. "Enzyme Activities in Reduction of Heavy Metal Pollution from Alice Landfill Site in Eastern Cape, South Africa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12054. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912054