Dynamics of Major and Trace Elements in Water–Soil–Tree Interaction: Translocation in Pyrus malus in Chihuahua, Mexico Using ICP-OES and Its Health Risk Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Treatment
2.3. Digestion of Samples
2.4. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) Conditions
2.5. Statistical Analysis
2.6. Estimated Daily Intake (EDI)
2.7. Health Risk Assessment
2.7.1. Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
2.7.2. Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Parameters In Situ and Concentration of Major and Trace Elements in Soil and Irrigation Water
3.2. Concentration of Major and Trace Elements in Pyrus malus
3.3. Concentration of Major and Trace Elements in Apple Leaves
3.4. Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
3.5. Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
4. Discussion
4.1. Element Characterization in Water and Soil
4.2. Element Characterization in Pyrus malus
Concentrations of Major and Toxic Elements in Apple Leaves
4.3. Health Risk Assessment
4.3.1. Non-Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
4.3.2. Carcinogenic Risk Assessment
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Orchard | Variety | Latitude | Longitude | pH | EC (mS/cm) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water | Soil | Water | Soil | ||||
Rancho Verde | Golden Delicious | 29°3′15.58″ | 107°50′55.35″ | 7.24 | 6.95 | 0.173 | 0.168 |
Cristina | Golden Delicious | 29°8′16.89″ | 107°51′9.64″ | 7.31 | 6.78 | 0.226 | 0.231 |
La Esperanza | Golden Delicious | 28°59′19.59″ | 107°25′51.30″ | 7.51 | 7.6 | 0.377 | 0.178 |
Solis | Golden Delicious | 29°9′48.90″ | 107°25′11.54″ | 8.14 | 6.92 | 0.244 | 0.269 |
La Mesa | Golden Delicious | 29°12′3.69″ | 107°23′7.82″ | 8.07 | 7.94 | 0.343 | 0.385 |
Las Bebas | Golden Delicious | 28°26′17.8″ | 106°53′7.00″ | 7.61 | 5.54 | 0.380 | 1.406 |
Element | Water | Ala | Alb | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cristina and Rancho Verde | La Esperanza | Solis | La Mesa | Las Bebas | |||
As | 0.003 ± 0.0002 | 0.007 ± 0.002 | 0.009 ± 0.002 | 0.030 ± 0.0005 | 0.030 ± 0.0037 | 0.400 | 0.100 |
Ca | 14.25 ± 2.66 | 20.77 ± 1.20 | 23.4 ± 0.70 | 27.9 ± 0.36 | 40.6 ± 0.35 | - | - |
Cr | 0.015 ± 0.0029 | 0.001 ± 0.0002 | 0.006 ± 0.0004 | 0.008 ± 0.001 | 0.006 ± 0.0015 | 1 | 0.1 |
Cu | 0.004 ± 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.027 ± 0.002 | 0.033 ± 0.002 | 0.036 ± 0.006 | - | - |
Fe | 5.2 ± 0.8 | 0.50 ± 0.2 | 0.09 ± 0.007 | 0.06 ±0.001 | 0.10 ± 0.003 | - | - |
K | 14.7 ± 2.2 | 2.5 ± 0.09 | 12.7 ± 0.9 | 18.1 ± 6.2 | 15.7 ± 0.29 | - | - |
Mg | 4.3 ± 0.60 | 2.4 ± 0.23 | 3.4 ± 0.06 | 2.5 ± 0.05 | 2.2 ± 0.03 | - | - |
Mn | 0.18 ± 0.003 | 0.04 ± 0.009 | 0.004 ± 0.00001 | 0.002 ± 0.0006 | 0.02 ± 0.0007 | - | 0.2 |
Na | 10.0 ± 0.33 | 40.6 ± 2.10 | 15.3 ± 0.2 | 40.3 ± 1.2 | 129.5 ± 2.4 | - | - |
P | 0.66 ± 0.19 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 1.0 ± 0.03 | 1.1 ± 0.03 | 1.9 ± 0.01 | - | - |
S | 0.9 ± 0.15 | 4.3 ± 0.33 | 2.6 ± 0.07 | 5.5 ± 0.13 | 35.6 ± 0.39 | - | - |
Sb | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 28 ± 6.4 | - | - |
Zn | 0.024 ± 0.002 | 0.004 ± 0.001 | 0.0341 ± 0.015 | 0.025 ± 0.002 | 0.064 ± 0.002 | 20 | 2 |
Element | Soil | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cristina | Rancho Verde | La Esperanza | Solis | La Mesa | Las Bebas | |
As | 24.42 ± 3.3 | 22.25 ± 2.4 | 18.79 ± 1 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD |
Ca | 11,505 ± 927 | 14,256 ± 730 | 39,777 ± 4695 | 14,811 ± 560 | 17,301 ± 3433 | 8819 ± 73 |
Cd | 1.4 ± 0.0002 | 1.48 ± 0.0001 | 4.1 ± 0.0001 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD |
Cr | 11.5 ± 1.1 | 13.5 ± 1.3 | 12.3 ± 2.9 | 8.6 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 1.2 | 12.9 ± 1.5 |
Cu | 408.6 ± 148.3 | 51.4 ± 12.3 | 52.4 ± 4.9 | 4.0 ± 0.8 | 5.2 ± 2.0 | 5.8 ± 0.4 |
Fe | 12,283 ± 1603 | 13,928 ± 1538 | 14,807 ± 4027 | 80,380 ± 10,495 | 63,087 ± 7510 | 11,2305 ± 12,446 |
K | 2407 ± 261 | 2771 ± 360 | 1750 ± 231 | 11,310 ± 1276 | 12,805 ± 3040 | 15,393 ± 2853 |
Mg | 2331 ± 355 | 2289 ± 156 | 1444 ± 237 | 207 ± 5.7 | 203 ± 8.2 | 196 ± 10.1 |
Mn | 533 ± 36 | 426 ± 45 | 392 ± 22 | 185 ± 41 | 125 ± 7 | 143 ± 21 |
Na | 199 ± 19 | 177 ± 29 | 249 ± 45 | 1571 ± 224 | 1047 ± 137 | 1352 ± 253 |
P | 1226 ± 105 | 1892 ± 194 | 419 ± 66 | 202 ± 42 | 168 ± 30 | 258 ± 13 |
Pb | 19.8 ± 1.8 | 20.8 ± 3.7 | 15.0 ± 1.7 | 5.9 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 8.8 ± 0.5 |
S | 484 ± 67 | 343 ± 83 | 172 ± 8 | 130 ± 31 | 72 ± 5 | 125 ± 47 |
Zn | 61.4 ± 14 | 73.6 ± 14 | 44.3 ± 14 | 19.6 ± 6 | 20.2 ± 3 | 17.8 ± 2 |
Element | Apple | Peel | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cristina | Rancho Verde | La Esperanza | Solis | La Mesa | Las Bebas | LPa | Cristina | Rancho Verde | La Esperanza | La Mesa | Solis | Las Bebas | |
As | 0.34 ± 0.14 | 0.18 ± 0.03 | 0.49 ± 0.14 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 0.05 | 0.93 ± 0.11 | 1.61 ± 0.69 | 1.83 ± 0.57 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD |
Ca | 223 ± 21.9 | 214 ± 14.7 | 317 ± 53.3 | 152 ± 32.5 | 551 ± 86.6 | 161 ± 20.8 | - | 1232 ± 89 | 1085 ± 155 | 889 ± 177 | 312 ± 71 | 378 ± 113 | 315 ± 51 |
Cd | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 0.05 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.24 ± 0.02 | <LOD | <LOD | 0.04 ± 0.03 |
Cr | 0.60 ± 0.17 | 0.61 ± 0.12 | 0.86 ± 0.28 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.21 ± 0.05 | 0.77 ± 0.11 | 1 | 0.60 ± 0.08 | 1.10 ± 0.39 | 3.20 ± 1.13 | 0.40 ± 0.08 | 0.54 ± 0.08 | 1.70 ± 0.53 |
Cu | 1.1 ± 0.28 | 1.9 ± 0.28 | 2.0 ± 0.22 | 1.9 ± 0.40 | 3.0 ± 0.34 | 6.1 ± 1.20 | 4.5 | 1.7 ± 0.43 | 2.1 ± 0.25 | 2.0 ± 0.36 | 6.0 ± 1.05 | 2.0 ± 0.70 | 1.2 ± 0.31 |
Fe | 6.8 ± 0.96 | 3.2 ± 0.39 | 8.6 ± 1.50 | 6.5 ± 0.27 | 10.6 ± 0.85 | 34.2 ± 8.14 | - | 11.9 ± 2.83 | 13.8 ± 4.34 | 31.3 ± 5.34 | 16.6 ± 2.72 | 16.0 ± 2.85 | 20 ± 6.13 |
K | 9428 ± 2664 | 16,381 ± 2499 | 10,322 ± 998 | 7311 ± 685 | 8055 ± 1040 | 7401 ± 363 | - | 12,983 ± 309 | 15,043 ± 4414 | 11,241 ± 2589 | 7294 ± 1170 | 7609 ± 655 | 5674 ± 532 |
Mg | 258 ± 23 | 308 ± 26 | 338 ± 19 | 168 ± 10 | 194 ± 13 | 199 ± 16 | - | 645 ± 70 | 721 ± 61 | 864 ± 94 | 272 ± 22 | 321 ± 15 | 276 ± 22 |
Mn | 1.16 ± 0.14 | 1.59 ± 0.21 | 2.17 ± 0.27 | 1.30 ± 0.24 | 1.94 ± 0.31 | 3.90 ± 0.57 | - | 5.0 ± 0.90 | 6.8 ± 1.04 | 8.2 ± 1.11 | 4.3 ± 1.15 | 3.3 ± 0.57 | 2.3 ± 0.33 |
Na | 184 ± 14.4 | 204 ± 38.0 | 142 ± 18.9 | 61 ± 4.1 | 244 ± 33.3 | 65 ± 18 | - | 359 ± 62.0 | 245 ± 26.7 | 167 ± 6.2 | 98 ± 24.1 | 39 ± 11.7 | 58 ± 14.1 |
P | 594 ± 37.6 | 651 ± 40.6 | 689 ± 54.0 | 528 ± 55.2 | 531 ± 92.5 | 412 ± 65.7 | - | 1529 ± 218 | 1566 ± 274 | 1796 ± 210 | 424 ± 119 | 793 ± 127 | 307 ± 28 |
S | 177 ± 29 | 191 ± 23 | 326 ± 9 | 101 ± 14 | 229 ± 30 | 139 ± 47 | - | 396 ± 50 | 417 ± 35 | 472 ± 42 | 221 ± 43 | 166 ± 30 | 184 ± 54 |
Sb | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | - | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 1.6 ± 0.56 | 1.1 ± 0.26 | 2.5 ± 0.73 |
Zn | 8.0 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 0.9 | 16.0 ± 2.7 | 1.7 ± 0.1 | 4.8 ± 0.08 | 5.0 ± 0.6 | - | 4.0 ± 0.9 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 8.0 ± 1.7 | 10.5 ± 2.6 | 8.3 ± 1.3 | 7.0 ± 0.7 |
Apple Leaves | NIST SRM 1515 Apple Leaves | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orchard | Cristina | Rancho Verde | La Esperanza | La Mesa | Solis | Las Bebas | Certified Value ± U | Measured Value ± U | Mean Recovery (%) (n = 10) | RSD (%) (n = 10) |
As | 0.61 ± 0.17 | 4.94 ± 0.10 | 4.81 ± 0.20 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | N.A. | 0.012 ± 0.003 | 106.32 | 7.2 |
Ca | 15,080 ± 227 | 12,542 ± 958 | 16,875 ± 1600 | 19,116 ± 1812 | 16,346 ± 150 | 13,028 ± 1016 | 15,250 ± 100 | 15,301 ± 74 | 100.33 | 2.9 |
Cd | <LOD | 1.17 ± 0.09 | 0.50 ± 0.02 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 0.0132 ± 0.0015 | 0.0135 ± 0.0012 | 102.27 | 6.2 |
Cr | 1.84 ± 0.16 | 1.83 ± 0.22 | 2.71 ± 0.54 | 0.84 ± 0.10 | 0.69 ± 0.11 | 0.68 ± 0.12 | N.A. | 0.42 ± 0.03 | 103.25 | 4.6 |
Cu | 3.53 ± 0.8 | 4.28 ± 0.9 | 4.90 ± 0.4 | 15.97 ± 2.2 | 7.92 ± 1.6 | 15.70 ± 1.2 | 5.69 ± 0.13 | 5.57 ± 0.15 | 97.89 | 3.1 |
Fe | 78.3 ± 6.7 | 139.6 ± 20.3 | 165.7 ± 28.2 | 192.4 ± 20.9 | 90.8 ± 13.4 | 110.3 ± 2.7 | 82.7 ± 2.6 | 80.5 ± 3.2 | 97.34 | 3.2 |
K | 13,646 ± 2157 | 23,672 ± 4004 | 15,121 ± 1186 | 18,392 ± 1742 | 19,721 ± 1708 | 12,631 ± 1284 | 16,080 ± 210 | 17,010 ± 178 | 105.78 | 4.1 |
Mg | 2125 ± 367 | 2475 ± 381 | 3283 ± 188 | 559 ± 13 | 550 ± 23 | 583 ± 10 | 2710 ± 120 | 2801 ± 154 | 103.36 | 2.3 |
Mn | 14.08 ± 2.6 | 25.95 ± 4.9 | 42.69 ± 4.0 | 59.17 ± 4.3 | 19.81 ± 3.3 | 45.34 ± 2.6 | 54.1 ± 1.1 | 55.1 ± 1.4 | 101.85 | 2.9 |
Na | 292 ± 38 | 198 ± 22 | 182 ± 17 | 842 ± 145 | 283 ± 27 | 2403 ± 282 | 24.4 ± 2.1 | 24.2 ± 2.5 | 99.18 | 2.8 |
P | 3886 ± 493 | 3459 ± 115 | 2981 ± 373 | 2430 ± 9 | 3010 ± 252 | 1335 ± 134 | 1593 ± 68 | 1550 ± 80 | 97.30 | 4.1 |
Pb | 1.61 ± 0.1 | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | <LOD | 0.470 ± 0.024 | 0.490 ± 0.030 | 104.26 | 5.2 |
S | 1259 ± 130 | 958 ± 53 | 1262 ± 83 | 1569 ± 116 | 1213 ± 136 | 1672 ± 183 | N.A. | 1042 ± 72 | 98.23 | 3.6 |
Zn | 19.2 ± 3.0 | 11.5 ± 1.8 | 25.9 ± 4.5 | 118.2 ± 12.2 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | 31.6 ± 4.1 | 12.45 ± 0.43 | 12.8 ± 0.65 | 102.81 | 4.2 |
Element | CR of Apple |
---|---|
As | 1.40 × 10−3 |
Cd | 1.34 × 10−4 |
Cr | 9.58 × 10−4 |
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Cervantes-Trejo, A.; Leal, L.O. Dynamics of Major and Trace Elements in Water–Soil–Tree Interaction: Translocation in Pyrus malus in Chihuahua, Mexico Using ICP-OES and Its Health Risk Implications. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912032
Cervantes-Trejo A, Leal LO. Dynamics of Major and Trace Elements in Water–Soil–Tree Interaction: Translocation in Pyrus malus in Chihuahua, Mexico Using ICP-OES and Its Health Risk Implications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912032
Chicago/Turabian StyleCervantes-Trejo, Angélica, and Luz O. Leal. 2022. "Dynamics of Major and Trace Elements in Water–Soil–Tree Interaction: Translocation in Pyrus malus in Chihuahua, Mexico Using ICP-OES and Its Health Risk Implications" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12032. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912032