Women’s Respiratory Movements during Spontaneous Breathing and Physical Fitness: A Cross-Sectional, Correlational Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Trial Design and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Respiratory Movements Testing and Data Processing
2.2.2. Physical Fitness Testing
2.3. Normalizing the Outcomes of Tested Physical Parameters
2.4. Controlling for the Influence of Age
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Barrett, K.E.; Barman, S.M.; Yuan, J.; Brooks, H.L. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th ed.; McGraw Hill Medical: New York, NY, USA, 2019; pp. 646–647. [Google Scholar]
- Schiller, L.R. Upper Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders and Respiratory Symptoms. Am. J. Health Syst. Pharm. 1996, 53, s13–s16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Demartsev, V.; Manser, M.B.; Tattersall, G.J. Vocalization-Associated Respiration Patterns: Thermography-Based Monitoring and Detection of Preparation for Calling. J. Exp. Biol. 2022, 225, jeb243474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jaime, C.P.; Michele, P.W. Acute Care Handbook for Physical Therapists, 4th ed.; Saunders: Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2013; pp. 58–59. [Google Scholar]
- Chaitow, L.; Bradley, D.; Gilbert, C. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Breathing Pattern Disorders; Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, UK, 2002; pp. 44–49. [Google Scholar]
- Courtney, R. The Functions of Breathing and Its Dysfunctions and Their Relationship to Breathing Therapy. Int. J. Osteopath. Med. 2009, 12, 78–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Russo, M.A.; Santarelli, D.M.; O’Rourke, D. The Physiological Effects of Slow Breathing in the Healthy Human. Breathe Sheff. Engl. 2017, 13, 298–309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.; Wang, C.; Yang, J.; Qiao, L.; Xu, Y.; Yu, L.; Wang, J.; Ni, W.; Wang, Y.; Yao, Y.; et al. Comparing the Effects of Short-Term Liuzijue Exercise and Core Stability Training on Balance Function in Patients Recovering From Stroke: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. Front. Neurol. 2022, 13, 748754. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, S.-Y.; Oh, S.; Baek, K.-H.; Bae, S.-S.; Kwon, J.-W. Comparison of Abdominal Muscle Thickness between the Abdominal Draw-in Maneuver and Maximum Abdominal Contraction Maneuver. Healthcare 2022, 10, 251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yamaguti, W.P.; Claudino, R.C.; Neto, A.P.; Chammas, M.C.; Gomes, A.C.; Salge, J.M.; Moriya, H.T.; Cukier, A.; Carvalho, C.R. Diaphragmatic Breathing Training Program Improves Abdominal Motion during Natural Breathing in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2012, 93, 571–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anderson, B.E.; Bliven, K.C.H. The Use of Breathing Exercises in the Treatment of Chronic, Nonspecific Low Back Pain. J. Sport Rehabil. 2017, 26, 452–458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, D.; Wang, T. Physiology, 9th ed.; People’s Medical Publishing House Co., Ltd.: Beijing, China, 2018; pp. 148–149. [Google Scholar]
- Calais-Germain, B.; Liu, J. Respiration Anatomie, Geste Respiratoire; Beijing Science Technology Press: Beijing, China, 2021; pp. 121–129. [Google Scholar]
- Ma, X.; Yue, Z.-Q.; Gong, Z.-Q.; Zhang, H.; Duan, N.-Y.; Shi, Y.-T.; Wei, G.-X.; Li, Y.-F. The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults. Front. Psychol. 2017, 8, 874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- You, M.; Laborde, S.; Zammit, N.; Iskra, M.; Borges, U.; Dosseville, F. Single Slow-Paced Breathing Session at Six Cycles per Minute: Investigation of Dose-Response Relationship on Cardiac Vagal Activity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12478. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Y.; Li, P.; Li, N.; Wang, Z.; Li, J.; Liu, X.; Wu, W. Effects of Home-Based Breathing Exercises in Subjects with COPD. Respir. Care 2020, 65, 377–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cavaggioni, L.; Ongaro, L.; Zannin, E.; Iaia, F.M.; Alberti, G. Effects of Different Core Exercises on Respiratory Parameters and Abdominal Strength. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2015, 27, 3249–3253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbosa, A.C.; Martins, F.M.; Silva, A.F.; Coelho, A.C.; Intelangelo, L.; Vieira, E.R. Activity of Lower Limb Muscles During Squat with and without Abdominal Drawing-in and Pilates Breathing. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2017, 31, 3018–3023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Martarelli, D.; Cocchioni, M.; Scuri, S.; Pompei, P. Diaphragmatic Breathing Reduces Exercise-Induced Oxidative Stress. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM 2011, 2011, 932430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nelson, N. Diaphragmatic Breathing: The Foundation of Core Stability. Strength Cond. J. 2012, 34, 34–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Teixeira-Salmela, L.F.; Parreira, V.F.; Britto, R.R.; Brant, T.C.; Inácio, E.P.; Alcântara, T.O.; Carvalho, I.F. Respiratory Pressures and Thoracoabdominal Motion in Community-Dwelling Chronic Stroke Survivors. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2005, 86, 1974–1978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohan, V.; Paungmali, A.; Sitilerpisan, P.; Hashim, U.F.; Mazlan, M.B.; Nasuha, T.N. Respiratory Characteristics of Individuals with Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nurs. Health Sci. 2018, 20, 224–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kocjan, J.; Gzik-Zroska, B.; Nowakowska, K.; Burkacki, M.; Suchoń, S.; Michnik, R.; Czyżewski, D.; Adamek, M. Impact of Diaphragm Function Parameters on Balance Maintenance. PLoS ONE 2018, 13, e0208697. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luca, C.; Lucio, O.; Giampietro, A. Diaphragm, Core Stability & Low Back Pain: A Rehabilitative-Preventive Perspective. MOJ Orthop. Rheumatol. 2017, 7, 00285. [Google Scholar]
- Cha, H.G. Effects of Trunk Stabilization Exercise on the Local Muscle Activity and Balance Ability of Normal Subjects. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2018, 30, 813–815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, K. The Relationship of Trunk Muscle Activation and Core Stability: A Biomechanical Analysis of Pilates-Based Stabilization Exercise. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 12804. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, E.; Lee, H. The Effects of Deep Abdominal Muscle Strengthening Exercises on Respiratory Function and Lumbar Stability. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 2013, 25, 663–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Talasz, H.; Kremser, C.; Kofler, M.; Kalchschmid, E.; Lechleitner, M.; Rudisch, A. Phase-Locked Parallel Movement of Diaphragm and Pelvic Floor during Breathing and Coughing-a Dynamic MRI Investigation in Healthy Females. Int. Urogynecol. J. 2011, 22, 61–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al-Bilbeisi, F.; McCool, F.D. Diaphragm Recruitment during Nonrespiratory Activities. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2000, 162, 456–459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hodges, P.W.; Butler, J.E.; McKenzie, D.K.; Gandevia, S.C. Contraction of the Human Diaphragm during Rapid Postural Adjustments. J. Physiol. 1997, 505 Pt 2, 539–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hodges, P.W.; Gandevia, S.C. Activation of the Human Diaphragm during a Repetitive Postural Task. J. Physiol. 2000, 522, 165–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Del Pozo, F.J.F.; Alonso, J.V.; Álvarez, M.V.; Orr, S.; Cantarero, F.J.L. Physical Fitness as an Indicator of Health Status and Its Relationship to Academic Performance during the Prepubertal Period. Health Promot. Perspect. 2017, 7, 197–204. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fahey, T.; Insel, P.; Roth, W. Fit & Well: Core Concepts and Labs in Physical Fitness and Wellness, 13th ed.; McGraw Hill: New York, NY, USA, 2018; pp. 33–37. [Google Scholar]
- Jakkaew, P.; Onoye, T. Non-Contact Respiration Monitoring and Body Movements Detection for Sleep Using Thermal Imaging. Sensors 2020, 20, 6307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stucky, F.; Churchill, T.W.; Churchill, J.L.; Petek, B.J.; Guseh, J.S.; Wasfy, M.M.; Kayser, B.; Baggish, A.L. Priming Cardiac Function with Voluntary Respiratory Maneuvers and Effect on Early Exercise Oxygen Uptake. J. Appl. Physiol. 2022, 132, 1179–1189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, S.; Han, Z.; Iglesias, C.; Mehta, V.; Bolic, M. A Real-Time Respiration Monitoring and Classification System Using a Depth Camera and Radars. Front. Physiol. 2022, 13, 799621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szczygieł, E.; Blaut, J.; Zielonka-Pycka, K.; Tomaszewski, K.; Golec, J.; Czechowska, D.; Masłoń, A.; Golec, E. The Impact of Deep Muscle Training on the Quality of Posture and Breathing. J. Mot. Behav. 2018, 50, 219–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; He, Z.; Xu, J. National Physical Fitness Surveillance and Evaluation; Science Press: Beijing, China, 2017; pp. 50–89. [Google Scholar]
- Beekley, M.D.; Brechue, W.F.; de Hoyos, D.V.; Garzarella, L.; Werber-Zion, G.; Pollock, M.L. Cross-Validation of the YMCA Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Test to Predict VO2max. Res. Q. Exerc. Sport 2004, 75, 337–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Garatachea, N.; Cavalcanti, E.; García-López, D.; González-Gallego, J.; de Paz, J.A. Estimation of Energy Expenditure in Healthy Adults from the YMCA Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Test. Eval. Health Prof. 2007, 30, 138–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaric, S. Role of Body Size in the Relation Between Muscle Strength and Movement Performance. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 2003, 31, 8–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bazett-Jones, D.M.; Cobb, S.C.; Joshi, M.N.; Cashin, S.E.; Earl, J.E. Normalizing Hip Muscle Strength: Establishing Body-Size-Independent Measurements. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2011, 92, 76–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbat-Artigas, S.; Rolland, Y.; Cesari, M.; van Kan, G.A.; Vellas, B.; Aubertin-Leheudre, M. Clinical Relevance of Different Muscle Strength Indexes and Functional Impairment in Women Aged 75 Years and Older. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2013, 68, 811–819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Lima, T.R.; Sui, X.; Silva, D.A.S. Normalization of Muscle Strength Measurements in the Assessment of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 8428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jaric, S. Muscle Strength Testing: Use of Normalisation for Body Size. Sports Med. 2002, 32, 615–631. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Markovic, G.; Jaric, S. Movement Performance and Body Size: The Relationship for Different Groups of Tests. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2004, 92, 139–149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kons, R.L.; Ache-Dias, J.; Detanico, D.; Barth, J.; Dal Pupo, J. Is Vertical Jump Height an Indicator of Athletes’ Power Output in Different Sport Modalities? J. Strength Cond. Res. 2018, 32, 708–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Markovic, G.; Jaric, S. Is Vertical Jump Height a Body Size-Independent Measure of Muscle Power? J. Sports Sci. 2007, 25, 1355–1363. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lexell, J. Human Aging, Muscle Mass, and Fiber Type Composition. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 1995, 50, 11–16. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, S.; Koo, I.; Jeong, J.; Wu, S.; Shi, X.; Zhang, X. Compound Identification Using Partial and Semi-Partial Correlations for Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Data. Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 6477–6487. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armstrong, R.A. Should Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient Be Avoided? Ophthalmic Physiol. Opt. J. Br. Coll. Ophthalmic Opt. Optom. 2019, 39, 316–327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fujita, A.; Sato, J.R.; Demasi, M.A.A.; Sogayar, M.C.; Ferreira, C.E.; Miyano, S. Comparing Pearson, Spearman and Hoeffding’s D Measure for Gene Expression Association Analysis. J. Bioinform. Comput. Biol. 2009, 7, 663–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prion, S.; Haerling, K.A. Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: Spearman-Rho Ranked-Order Correlation Coefficient. Clin. Simul. Nurs. 2014, 10, 535–536. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Markovic, G.; Dizdar, D.; Jukic, I.; Cardinale, M. Reliability and Factorial Validity of Squat and Countermovement Jump Tests. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2004, 18, 551–555. [Google Scholar]
- Martinez, N.; Campbell, B.; Franek, M.; Buchanan, L.; Colquhoun, R. The Effect of Acute Pre-Workout Supplementation on Power and Strength Performance. J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr. 2016, 13, 29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Król, H.; Mynarski, W. A Comparison of Mechanical Parameters between the Counter Movement Jump and Drop Jump in Biathletes. J. Hum. Kinet. 2012, 34, 59–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrigna, L.; Karsten, B.; Marcolin, G.; Paoli, A.; D’Antona, G.; Palma, A.; Bianco, A. A Review of Countermovement and Squat Jump Testing Methods in the Context of Public Health Examination in Adolescence: Reliability and Feasibility of Current Testing Procedures. Front. Physiol. 2019, 10, 1384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, H.-T.; Song, C.-Y.; Chen, Z.-R.; Wang, I.-L.; Gu, C.-Y.; Wang, L.-I. Differences Between Bimodal and Unimodal Force-Time Curves During Countermovement Jump. Int. J. Sports Med. 2019, 40, 663–669. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chaudhari, A.M.W.; Renshaw, S.M.; Breslin, L.M.; Curtis, T.L.; Himes, M.D.; Collins, C.E.; Di Stasi, S.; Poulose, B.K. A Quiet Unstable Sitting Test to Quantify Core Stability in Clinical Settings: Application to Adults with Ventral Hernia. Clin. Biomech. 2022, 93, 105594. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaneko, H.; Horie, J. Breathing Movements of the Chest and Abdominal Wall in Healthy Subjects. Respir. Care 2012, 57, 1442–1451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Romei, M.; Mauro, A.L.; D’Angelo, M.G.; Turconi, A.C.; Bresolin, N.; Pedotti, A.; Aliverti, A. Effects of Gender and Posture on Thoraco-Abdominal Kinematics during Quiet Breathing in Healthy Adults. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 2010, 172, 184–191. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hallett, S.; Toro, F.; Ashurst, J.V. Physiology, Tidal Volume; StatPearls Publishing: Treasure Island, FL, USA, 2022. [Google Scholar]
Coefficients | Strength |
---|---|
0.00 to 0.20 | Negligible |
0.21 to 0.40 | Weak |
0.41 to 0.60 | Moderate |
0.61 to 0.80 | Strong |
0.81 to 1.00 | Very strong |
20s Group | 30s Group | 40s Group | 50s Group | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 26 (24, 28) | 36 (33, 38) | 44 (42, 47) | 55 (52, 57) |
Body height (cm) | 162 (158, 165) | 161 (157, 165) | 162 (159, 165) | 160 (158, 164) |
Body weight (kg) | 56.8 (52.9, 62.5) | 58.7 (52.5, 67.0) | 61.0 (55.0, 66.8) | 61.3 (55.1, 66.5) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.6 (19.7, 24.1) | 22.5 (20.1, 25.4) | 22.5 (21.2, 25.2) | 23.7 (21.1, 25.3) |
Waist Circumference (cm) | 70.2 (67.4, 75.9) | 74.3 (68.9, 83.7) | 76.3 (71.2, 82.2) | 80.0 (73.4, 86.0) |
Hip Circumference (cm) | 93.3 (91.1, 96.5) | 94.0 (88.3, 99.3) | 94.3 (90.5, 99.2) | 94.9 (90.6, 99.7) |
Waist hip ratio (%) | 0.75 (0.74, 0.80) | 0.80 (0.77, 0.84) | 0.80 (0.77, 0.85) | 0.84 (0.80, 0.88) |
Body fat percentage (%) | 26.6 (22.7, 30.1) | 27.8 (25.1, 33.5) | 29.2 (26.2, 32.3) | 30.5 (27.2, 34.3) |
Respiration rate (reps/min) | 17.3 (15.5, 18.6) | 17.2 (15.0, 19.4) | 17.2 (13.9, 19.1) | 17.0 (14.9, 19.5) |
AM (N) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.23) | 0.84 (0.54, 1.24) | 0.87 (0.54, 1.43) | 0.99 (0.62, 1.57) |
TM (N) | 2.20 (1.81, 2.72) | 2.31 (1.83, 2.72) | 2.49 (1.79, 3.44) | 2.20 (1.63, 3.03) |
AM + TM (N) | 3.25 (2.74, 4.20) | 3.10 (2.61, 4.03) | 3.53 (2.50, 4.76) | 3.05 (2.43, 4.44) |
AM/(AM + TM) (%) | 30 (22, 44) | 25 (18, 38) | 29 (18, 38) | 32 (23, 39) |
Handgrip strength (kg) | 23.5 (21.2, 27.1) | 25.2 (22.3, 28.2) | 26.8 (23.2, 30.2) | 24.2 (21.4, 27.0) |
Back extension strength (kg) | 62.2 (48.5, 68.7) | 62.3 (50.3, 73.7) | 66.4 (54.9, 78.7) | 67.2 (53.7, 76.1) |
Vertical jump height (cm) | 24.0 (21.4, 27.3) | 22.2 (19.0, 25.0) | 20.7 (17.6,23.7) | 17.8 (14.6, 20.3) |
Push-ups (reps/min) | 20 (14, 28) | 16 (10, 22) | 15 (9, 24) | 12 (6, 20) |
Sit-ups (reps/min) | 30 (20, 34) | 21 (15, 27) | 20 (15, 27) | 14 (10, 18) |
Balance (sec) | 28.3 (12.1, 39.7) | 21.2 (11.9, 36.1) | 18.8 (10.4, 30.5) | 11.5 (6.8, 24.1) |
Flexibility (cm/min) | 10.5 (3.0, 17.4) | 8.5 (1.2, 14.0) | 9.7 (4.5, 16.5) | 12.3 (5.1, 18.5) |
Reaction time (sec) | 0.55 (0.52,0.60) | 0.57 (0.54, 0.61) | 0.59 (0.55, 0.64) | 0.62 (0.55, 0.68) |
VO2max (mL/(kg × min)) | 44.2 (38.9, 52.3) | 40.6 (33.9, 45.2) | 36.7 (32.8, 41.3) | 32.4 (28.3, 34.3) |
Groups | Physical Performance | Number of Subjects | AM | TM | AM + TM | AM/(AM + TM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs | rs | rs | rs | |||
20s group | Age | 40 | −0.170 | 0.039 | −0.086 | −0.196 |
Body height | 40 | −0.116 | 0.162 | 0.139 | −0.159 | |
Body weight | 40 | −0.310 | 0.106 | −0.031 | −0.279 | |
BMI | 40 | −0.268 | 0.023 | −0.110 | −0.217 | |
Waist circumference | 39 | −0.181 | 0.004 | −0.059 | −0.117 | |
Hip circumference | 39 | −0.306 | 0.055 | −0.049 | −0.248 | |
Waist hip ratio | 39 | −0.049 | −0.041 | −0.064 | 0.029 | |
Body fat percentage | 40 | −0.264 | 0.074 | −0.050 | −0.234 | |
30s group | Age | 114 | −0.131 | 0.034 | −0.025 | −0.121 |
Body height | 114 | −0.078 | 0.082 | 0.020 | −0.111 | |
Body weight | 114 | −0.093 | −0.141 | −0.142 | −0.017 | |
BMI | 114 | −0.031 | −0.177 | −0.142 | 0.060 | |
Waist circumference | 112 | −0.124 | −0.162 | −0.174 | −0.035 | |
Hip circumference | 112 | −0.094 | −0.116 | −0.115 | −0.044 | |
Waist hip ratio | 112 | −0.084 | −0.139 | −0.152 | 0.010 | |
Body fat percentage | 111 | −0.062 | −0.106 | −0.112 | 0.020 | |
40s group | Age | 146 | 0.122 | 0.015 | 0.080 | 0.122 |
Body height | 146 | 0.040 | 0.109 | 0.083 | 0.004 | |
Body weight | 146 | −0.016 | 0.076 | 0.044 | −0.092 | |
BMI | 146 | 0.006 | 0.048 | 0.039 | −0.063 | |
Waist circumference | 144 | −0.113 | −0.062 | −0.093 | −0.110 | |
Hip circumference | 144 | −0.086 | −0.021 | −0.048 | −0.089 | |
Waist hip ratio | 144 | −0.089 | −0.082 | −0.099 | −0.086 | |
Body fat percentage | 144 | −0.014 | 0.058 | 0.031 | −0.092 | |
50s group | Age | 101 | 0.024 | 0.015 | 0.031 | 0.001 |
Body height | 101 | −0.137 | −0.002 | −0.079 | −0.185 | |
Body weight | 101 | 0.000 | −0.027 | −0.030 | −0.010 | |
BMI | 101 | 0.057 | −0.067 | −0.023 | 0.091 | |
Waist circumference | 101 | −0.006 | −0.034 | −0.031 | 0.004 | |
Hip circumference | 101 | −0.034 | −0.062 | −0.054 | −0.021 | |
Waist hip ratio | 101 | 0.104 | 0.017 | 0.051 | 0.103 | |
Body fat percentage | 100 | −0.042 | −0.094 | −0.091 | 0.002 |
Groups | Physical Performance | Number of Subjects | AM | TM | AM + TM | AM/(AM + TM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
rs | rs | rs | rs | |||
20s group | Handgrip strength | 40 | 0.052 | −0.051 | 0.035 | 0.123 |
Back extension strength | 40 | 0.104 | 0.213 | 0.217 | −0.018 | |
Vertical jump height | 40 | 0.398 * | 0.065 | 0.290 | 0.276 | |
Number of push-ups | 38 | 0.120 | −0.218 | −0.203 | 0.136 | |
Number of sit-ups | 38 | −0.030 | 0.044 | −0.032 | −0.083 | |
Balance | 40 | 0.208 | −0.068 | 0.039 | 0.119 | |
Flexibility | 40 | 0.031 | −0.220 | −0.237 | 0.139 | |
Reaction time | 40 | 0.074 | 0.222 | 0.217 | −0.109 | |
VO2max | 32 | 0.236 | −0.082 | −0.059 | 0.234 | |
30s group | Handgrip strength | 110 | 0.100 | 0.124 | 0.155 | 0.028 |
Back extension strength | 113 | 0.155 | 0.057 | 0.157 | 0.126 | |
Vertical jump height | 113 | 0.208 * | 0.125 | 0.211 * | 0.118 | |
Number of push-ups | 103 | 0.018 | 0.121 | 0.135 | −0.057 | |
Number of sit-ups | 103 | 0.195 * | 0.238 * | 0.330 ** | 0.013 | |
Balance | 113 | 0.143 | 0.053 | 0.087 | 0.115 | |
Flexibility | 110 | 0.131 | −0.021 | 0.092 | 0.057 | |
Reaction time | 108 | −0.081 | −0.168 | −0.168 | 0.031 | |
VO2max | 84 | 0.180 | 0.187 | 0.211 | 0.076 | |
40s group | Handgrip strength | 144 | 0.136 | 0.089 | 0.104 | 0.129 |
Back extension strength | 140 | −0.052 | 0.068 | 0.017 | −0.070 | |
Vertical jump height | 146 | 0.199 * | 0.129 | 0.187 * | 0.178 * | |
Number of push-ups | 137 | 0.102 | 0.065 | 0.075 | 0.088 | |
Number of sit-ups | 134 | 0.078 | 0.029 | 0.061 | 0.072 | |
Balance | 145 | −0.121 | 0.020 | −0.033 | −0.089 | |
Flexibility | 145 | 0.137 | 0.108 | 0.140 | 0.082 | |
Reaction time | 146 | 0.083 | 0.039 | 0.064 | 0.042 | |
VO2max | 113 | −0.100 | −0.118 | −0.098 | 0.018 | |
50s group | Handgrip strength | 100 | 0.183 | 0.113 | 0.167 | 0.100 |
Back extension strength | 101 | 0.104 | 0.012 | 0.079 | 0.108 | |
Vertical jump height | 97 | 0.096 | 0.039 | 0.066 | 0.111 | |
Number of push-ups | 92 | 0.168 | 0.173 | 0.211 * | 0.114 | |
Number of sit-ups | 84 | 0.075 | −0.082 | −0.014 | 0.173 | |
Balance | 101 | 0.054 | 0.094 | 0.091 | 0.003 | |
Flexibility | 100 | −0.094 | −0.091 | −0.104 | −0.065 | |
Reaction time | 99 | 0.012 | −0.007 | 0.022 | −0.025 | |
VO2max | 79 | 0.090 | 0.022 | 0.056 | 0.086 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Liang, W.-M.; Bai, Z.-M.; Aihemaiti, M.; Yuan, L.; Hong, Z.-M.; Xiao, J.; Ren, F.-F.; Rukšėnas, O. Women’s Respiratory Movements during Spontaneous Breathing and Physical Fitness: A Cross-Sectional, Correlational Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 12007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912007
Liang W-M, Bai Z-M, Aihemaiti M, Yuan L, Hong Z-M, Xiao J, Ren F-F, Rukšėnas O. Women’s Respiratory Movements during Spontaneous Breathing and Physical Fitness: A Cross-Sectional, Correlational Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):12007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912007
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiang, Wen-Ming, Zhen-Min Bai, Maiwulamu Aihemaiti, Lei Yuan, Zhi-Min Hong, Jing Xiao, Fei-Fei Ren, and Osvaldas Rukšėnas. 2022. "Women’s Respiratory Movements during Spontaneous Breathing and Physical Fitness: A Cross-Sectional, Correlational Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 12007. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912007