Using a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire to Evaluate Macronutrients, Fiber, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Calcium in Adults with Stages 3–5 Chronic Kidney Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Collection of General Patient Characteristic Data
2.3. FFQ Assessment of Food Intakes
2.4. Three-Day Dietary Record Assessment of Dietary Intakes
2.5. Measurement of Clinical Parameters
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Patient Characteristics
3.2. FFQ Validity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic and Clinical Characteristics | Overall |
---|---|
Gender | |
Men | 64 (59.8) |
Women | 43 (40.2) |
Years old | |
<65 | 44 (41.1) |
≥65 | 63 (58.9) |
CKD stage | |
3 | 33 (30.8) |
4 | 42 (39.3) |
5 | 32 (29.9) |
Education years | |
<high school | 21 (19.6) |
>high school | 86 (80.4) |
Smoking status | |
Non-smokers | 66 (61.7) |
Ex-smokers | 29 (27.1) |
Current smokers | 12 (11.2) |
Alcohol drinking | 3 (2.8) |
BMIs (kg/m2) | 25.9 ± 4.6 |
<24.0 | 35 (32.7) |
≥24.0 | 72 (67.3) |
Waist circumferences (cm) | 89.2 ± 12.1 |
Central obesity | |
No | 40 (37.4) |
Yes | 67 (62.6) |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 135.8 ± 22.7 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 72.8 ± 9.0 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 145.1 ± 96.1 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 157.0 ± 36.2 |
HbA1c (%) | 6.2 ± 1.2 |
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 45.6 ± 23.2 |
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) | 3.3 ± 2.0 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 24.4 ± 12.9 |
Nutrient | FFQ 1 | 3-Day DR 1 | % Difference 2 | p3,4 | Pearson Correlation Coefficient(r) 5 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude 6 | Adjusted 7 | |||||
Energy (kcal/day) | 1522.9 ± 435.7 | 1543.1 ± 350.3 | 0.7 | 0.273 3 | 0.562 ** | - |
Protein (g/day) | 43.5 ± 13.2 | 54.3 ± 15.9 | −16.7 | <0.001 3 | 0.573 ** | 0.722 ** |
Fat (g/day) | 60.6 ± 24.9 | 55.7 ± 17.5 | 14.5 | 0.157 3 | 0.494 ** | 0.619 ** |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 200.7 ± 64.0 | 215.5 ± 53.9 | −3.5 | 0.006 3 | 0.426 ** | 0.593 ** |
Fiber (g/day) | 13.1 (10.6–16.8) | 12.5 (8.8–16.3) | 15.3 | 0.077 4 | 0.571 ** | 0.572 ** |
Potassium (mg/day) | 1560.8 (1240.6–1910.5) | 1525.0 (1119.9–1925.9) | 11.8 | 0.574 4 | 0.374 ** | 0.450 ** |
Phosphorus (mg/day) | 774.3 (594.5–985.0) | 632.4 (514.1–829.3) | 27.1 | <0.001 4 | 0.366 ** | 0.611 ** |
Calcium (mg/day) | 378.9 (252.3–595.5) | 378.1 (244.7–561.3) | 26.6 | 0.879 4 | 0.385 ** | 0.410 ** |
Nutrient | Cross-Classification (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Same Quartile | Adjacent Quartile | Same or an Adjacent Quartile | One Quartile Apart | Extreme Quartile | |
Protein (g/day) | 25.2 | 38.3 | 63.5 | 25.2 | 11.2 |
Fat (g/day) | 31.8 | 35.5 | 67.3 | 21.5 | 11.2 |
Carbohydrate (g/day) | 33.6 | 35.5 | 69.1 | 21.5 | 9.3 |
Fiber (g/day) | 35.5 | 47.7 | 83.2 | 15.9 | 0.9 |
Potassium (mg/day) | 36.4 | 38.3 | 74.7 | 21.5 | 3.7 |
Phosphorus (mg/day) | 35.5 | 34.6 | 70.1 | 23.4 | 6.5 |
Calcium (mg/day) | 32.7 | 44.9 | 77.6 | 19.6 | 2.8 |
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Huang, M.-C.; Hung, S.-C.; Tai, T.-H.; Lin, T.-Y.; Chang, C.-I.; Hsu, C.-C. Using a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire to Evaluate Macronutrients, Fiber, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Calcium in Adults with Stages 3–5 Chronic Kidney Disease. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911998
Huang M-C, Hung S-C, Tai T-H, Lin T-Y, Chang C-I, Hsu C-C. Using a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire to Evaluate Macronutrients, Fiber, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Calcium in Adults with Stages 3–5 Chronic Kidney Disease. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911998
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Meng-Chuan, Szu-Chun Hung, Tsen-Hua Tai, Ting-Yun Lin, Chiao-I Chang, and Chih-Cheng Hsu. 2022. "Using a Short Food Frequency Questionnaire to Evaluate Macronutrients, Fiber, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Calcium in Adults with Stages 3–5 Chronic Kidney Disease" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911998