Sex Differences of Sarcopenia in an Elderly Asian Population: The Prevalence and Risk Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Design
2.2. Study Variables
2.2.1. Anthropometric Measure and Skeletal Muscle
2.2.2. Blood Tests, Blood Pressure, and Other Survey Variables
2.3. Determination of Sarcopenia
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Prevalence
3.2. Gender-Specific Risk Factors
3.2.1. Anthropometric Measure and Skeletal Muscle Index Variables
3.2.2. Blood Tests, Blood Pressure, and Other Survey Variables
3.2.3. Odd Ratio for Sarcopenia in Males
3.2.4. Odd Ratio for Sarcopenia in Females
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Sarcopenic Group (n = 484) | Normal Group (n = 809) | p |
---|---|---|---|
Sex (men/women) (%) | 41.12/58.88 | 38.20/61.80 | 0.289 |
Age | 77.98 ± 1.927 | 77.82 ± 1.918 | 0.162 ** |
Height (cm) | 151.37 ± 8.945 | 155.74 ± 9.089 | 0.000 ** |
Weight (kg) | 56.38 ± 9.692 | 53.57 ± 9.627 | 0.000 ** |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.53 ± 3.208 | 22.00 ± 2.939 | 0.000 ** |
Waist circumference (cm) | 56.38 ± 9.692 | 53.57 ± 9.627 | 0.000 ** |
Skeletal muscle index (kg/m2) | 0.575 ± 0.130 | 0.703 ± 0.149 | 0.000 ** |
Smoking status (%) (current-/ex-/non-smoker) | 37.6/28.9/33.5 | 39.3/26.1/34.6 | 0.846 |
Drinking status (%) (current-/ex-/non-drinker) | 28.9/14.6/56.5 | 30.2/13.1/56.8 | 0.337 |
Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 108.09 ± 27.959 | 101.44 ± 26.116 | 0.000 ** |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 150.83 ± 78.390 | 132.17 ± 84.504 | 0.000 ** |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.96 ± 40.476 | 189.03 ± 35.770 | 0.000 ** |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 134.62 ± 18.580 | 133.20 ± 18.017 | 0.175 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 75.44 ± 10.282 | 74.56 ± 10.247 | 0.136 |
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sarcopenic Group (n = 119) | Normal Group (n = 309) | Total | Sarcopenic Group (n = 285) | Normal Group (n = 500) | Total | |
Un-weighted (%) | 27.8 | 72.2 | 100 | 36.3 | 63.7 | 100 |
Weighted (%) | 41.2 (35.8–46.8) | 58.8 (53.2–64.2) | 100 | 37.2 (32.7–41.9) | 62.8 (58.1–67.3) | 100 |
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sarcopenic Group (n = 119) | Normal Group (n = 309) | p | Sarcopenic Group (n = 285) | Normal Group (n = 500) | p | |
Height (cm) | 159.981 ± 5.425 | 165.128 ± 5.028 | 0.000 ** | 145.362 ± 5.231 | 149.943 ± 5.468 | 0.000 ** |
Weight (kg) | 60.692 ± 9.426 | 58.853 ± 9.086 | 0.029 * | 53.369 ± 8.700 | 50.301 ± 8.434 | 0.000 ** |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.623 ± 2.819 | 21.531 ± 2.816 | 0.005 ** | 25.171 ± 3.313 | 22.289 ± 2.979 | 0.000 ** |
WC (cm) | 86.557 ± 8.767 | 80.545 ± 9.778 | 0.000 ** | 85.769 ± 9.272 | 78.941 ± 9.289 | 0.000 ** |
SMI (kg/m2) | 0.723 ± 0.050 | 0.877 ± 0.069 | 0.000 ** | 0.471 ± 0.037 | 0.596 ± 0.057 | 0.000 ** |
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sarcopenic Group (n = 119) | Normal Group (n = 309) | p | Sarcopenic Group (n = 285) | Normal Group (n = 500) | p | |
FG (mg/dL) | 109.587 ± 25.756 | 98.745 ± 22.121 | 0.000 ** | 107.000 ± 9.471 | 103.244 ± 28.356 | 0.123 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 146.368 ± 83.191 | 114.390 ± 63.986 | 0.000 ** | 154.047 ± 74.771 | 144.049 ± 94.015 | 0.178 |
TC (mg/dL) | 183.613 ± 36.454 | 178.055 ± 32.703 | 0.106 | 208.312 ± 40.148 | 196.371 ± 35.890 | 0.000 ** |
SBP (mmHg) | 134.005 ± 18.852 | 130.955 ± 18.411 | 0.072 | 135.056 ± 18.408 | 134.586 ± 17.647 | 0.742 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.995 ± 10.734 | 74.331 ± 10.282 | 0.468 | 75.750 ± 9.961 | 74.700 ± 10.233 | 0.164 |
Age (years) | 77.864 ± 1.994 | 77.618 ± 1.933 | 0.816 | 78.053 ± 1.879 | 77.946 ± 1.899 | 0.448 |
SS (%) (current-/ex-/non-smoker) | 53.6/28.6/17.8 | 55.4/29.2/15.4 | 0.098 | 11.6/4.7/83.6 | 14.3/2.9/82.9 | 0.202 |
DS (%) (current-/ex-/non-drinker) | 52.1/37.1/10.8 | 56.9/28.8/14.3 | 0.521 | 27.5/23.2/49.3 | 28.2/24.5/47.3 | 0.760 |
Variables | OR (95% of CI) | p |
---|---|---|
Height | 0.003 (0.000–0.023) | 0.000 ** |
Weight | 2.290 (0.118–44.417) | 0.000 ** |
BMI | 4.821 (1.797–9.453) | 0.000 ** |
WC | 0.366 (0.246–0.543) | 0.000 ** |
SMI | 0.102 (0.017–0.519) | 0.000 ** |
FC | 1.020 (0.899–1.157) | 0.757 |
Triglyceride | 1.102 (0.897–1.356) | 0.000 ** |
Variables | OR (95% CI) | p |
---|---|---|
Height | 0.001 (0.000–0.004) | 0.000 ** |
Weight | 2.291(0.903–2.803) | 0.000 ** |
BMI | 1.177(0.751–18.44) | 0.000 ** |
WC | 1.230(0.984–1.537) | 0.000 ** |
SMI | 0.387 (0.208–0.719) | 0.000 ** |
TC | 1.233 (1.171–1.297) | 0.000 ** |
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Hwang, J.; Park, S. Sex Differences of Sarcopenia in an Elderly Asian Population: The Prevalence and Risk Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911980
Hwang J, Park S. Sex Differences of Sarcopenia in an Elderly Asian Population: The Prevalence and Risk Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911980
Chicago/Turabian StyleHwang, Jongseok, and Soonjee Park. 2022. "Sex Differences of Sarcopenia in an Elderly Asian Population: The Prevalence and Risk Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11980. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911980