Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptomatology According to Gender in Health-Care Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Peru Shortened Title: “Psychological Impact of the Pandemic on Women”
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Study Design and Context
2.2. Population
2.3. Procedures
2.4. Power Estimation
2.5. Analysis Plan
2.6. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Study Population Characteristics
3.2. Potential Factors Associated to Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD
3.3. Factors Independently Associated with Anxiety, Depression, and PTSD
4. Discussion
4.1. Relevance for the Mental Health of Health-Care Workers
4.2. Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | N = 109 | |
---|---|---|
Age (years) n (%) | ||
≤45 | 54 | 49.5% |
>45 | 55 | 50.5% |
Sex, n (%) | ||
Female | 62 | 56.9% |
Male | 47 | 43.1% |
Marital Status, n (%) | ||
Single | 31 | 28.4% |
Married/cohabitant | 66 | 60.6% |
Divorced | 12 | 11.0% |
Number of Children, n (%) | ||
No children | 26 | 24.1% |
1–2 children | 62 | 57.4% |
3–4 children | 20 | 18.5% |
Profession, n (%) | ||
Nurse | 35 | 32.4% |
Technical staff | 29 | 26.9% |
Physician | 44 | 40.7% |
Labor hospital, n (%) | ||
Hospital 1 | 61 | 56.0% |
Hospital 2 | 48 | 44.0% |
Occupation, n (%) | ||
COVID-19 area | 32 | 29.6% |
Non-COVID-19 area | 20 | 18.5% |
Both | 56 | 51.9% |
Service where you work, n (%) | ||
Emergency | 10 | 9.4% |
Triage COVID-19 | 6 | 5.6% |
Non-COVID-19 Hospitalization | 37 | 35.0% |
COVID-19 Hospitalization | 36 | 34.0% |
Consultation | 17 | 16.0% |
Working hours, n (%) | ||
<150 h | 64 | 63.4% |
≥150 h | 37 | 36.6% |
Pathological history, n (%) | ||
Yes | 16 | 14.7% |
No | 93 | 85.3% |
Loss of family member/close friend, n (%) | ||
Yes | 61 | 56.0% |
No | 48 | 44.0% |
Anxiety score, median (p25–p75) | 6 | (2–11) |
Depression score, median (p25–p75) | 6 | (2–10) |
PTSD score, median (p25–p75) | 1 | (0–3) |
C. Anxiety | p | C. Depression | p | C. PTSD | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (**), median (DE) | ||||||
≤45 | 6.5 (4.4) | 0.923 | 7.0 (6.0) | 0.446 | 1.7 (1.7) | 0.307 |
>45 | 6.6 (4.5) | 6.2 (4.8) | 1.4 (1.3) | |||
Sex (**), median (DE) | ||||||
Female | 8.7 (3.5) | <0.001 | 8.7 (4.8) | <0.001 | 2.0 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Male | 3.7 (4.0) | 3.8 (5.0) | 1.0 (1.4) | |||
Marital Status (***), median (DE) | ||||||
Single | 5.7 (4.3) | 0.002 | 6.7 (6.0) | 0.030 | 1.8 (1.8) | 0.088 |
Married/cohabitant | 7.5 (4.4) | 7.2 (5.2) | 1.6 (1.4) | |||
Divorced | 3 (2.8) | 2.7 (4.0) | 0.6 (1.2) | |||
Number of Children (***), median (DE) | ||||||
No children | 5.4 (4.6) | 0.059 | 6.5 (6.2) | 0.116 | 1.8 (1.8) | 0.742 |
1–2 children | 6.4 (4.2) | 5.9 (5.1) | 1.5 (1.5) | |||
3–4 children | 8.5 (4.6) | 8.8 (5.3) | 1.5 (1.1) | |||
Profession (***), median (DE) | ||||||
Nurse | 7.7 (4.5) | 0.100 | 8.1 (6.1) | 0.125 | 2.1 (1.4) | 0.051 |
Technical staff | 6.7 (5.0) | 5.6 (4.4) | 1.3 (1.3) | |||
Physician | 5.5 (4.0) | 6.0 (5.4) | 1.3 (1.6) | |||
Labor hospital (**), median (DE) | ||||||
1 | 7.7 (4.3) | 0.002 | 7.0 (4.6) | 0.361 | 1.5 (1.2) | 0.467 |
2 | 5.1 (4.2) | 6.0 (6.3) | 1.7 (1.8) | |||
Occupation (***), median (DE) | ||||||
COVID-19 area | 4.8 (3.9) | 0.020 | 5.4 (5.7) | 0.330 | 1.7 (1.6) | 0.837 |
Non-COVID-19 area | 6.4 (4.5) | 7.6 (6.2) | 1.7 (1.8) | |||
Both | 7.6 (4.5) | 6.9 (5.0) | 1.5 (1.4) | |||
Service where you work (***), median (DE) | ||||||
Emergency | 6.9 (4.7) | 0.150 | 5.7 (4.0) | 0.570 | 0.8 (1.0) | 0.121 |
Triage COVID-19 | 4.7 (4.4) | 4.7 (6.4) | 1.5 (1.0) | |||
Non-COVID-19 Hospitalization | 7.9 (4.3) | 7.8 (5.6) | 1.9 (1.6) | |||
COVID-19 Hospitalization | 5.5 (4.4) | 6.3 (6.0) | 1.7 (1.7) | |||
Consultation | 6.9 (4.0) | 6.1 (4.7) | 0.9 (1.0) | |||
Working hours (**), median (DE) | ||||||
<150 h | 7.9 (4.5) | <0.001 | 8.1 (5.5) | <0.001 | 2.0 (1.5) | 0.004 |
≥150 h | 4.6 (3.4) | 4.2 (4.3) | 1.0 (1.4) | |||
Pathological history (+), median (p25–p75) | ||||||
Yes | 8 (2.5–11) | 0.454 | 9 (4.5–13.5) | 0.056 | 3 (0–4) | 0.097 |
No | 6 (2–11) | 5 (2–10) | 1 (0–2) | |||
Loss of family member/close friend (**), median (DE) | ||||||
Yes | 6.5 (4.8) | 0.900 | 6.7 (6.0) | 0.836 | 1.7 (1.7) | 0.403 |
No | 6.6 (4.0) | 6.4 (4.7) | 1.4 (1.3) |
C. Anxiety | C. Depression | C. PTSD | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Crude | Adjusted * | Crude | Adjusted * | Crude | Adjusted * |
Coef (CI 95%) | Coef (CI 95%) | Coef (CI 95%) | Coef (CI 95%) | Coef CI 95% | Coef CI 95% | |
Age | ||||||
≤45 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
>45 | 0.08 (−1.60–1.77) | −1.23 (−2.77–0.31) | −0.80 (−2.87–1.27) | −1.54 (−3.68–0.60) | −0.31 (−0.91–0.29) | −0.40 (−1.05–0.25) |
Sex | ||||||
Female | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Male | 4.96 (3.54–6.38) | 4.48 (2.95–6.00) | 4.87 (3.0–6.75) | 4.50 (2.39–6.62) | 1.04 (0.46–1.61) | 1.13 (0.50–1.76) |
Marital Status | ||||||
Single | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Married/cohabitant | 1.84 (0.02–3.66) | 1.35 (−0.93–3.63) | 0.53 (−1.76–2.83) | 1.11 (−2.06–4.27) | −0.14 (−0.82–0.54) | 0.33 (−0.61–1.27) |
Divorced | −2.71 (−5.55–0.13) | −0.56 (−3.24–2.12) | −4.01 (−7.59–−0.43) | −1.58 (−5.30–2.14) | −1.15 (−2.21–−0.09) | −0.63 (−1.74–0.48) |
Number of Children | ||||||
No children | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
1 to 2 children | 0.98 (−1.04–3.00) | 0.27 (−2.05–2.59) | −0.65 (−3.15–1.85) | −0.16 (−3.38–3.05) | −0.28 (−1.02–0.46) | −0.07 (−1.03–0.88) |
3 to 4 children | 3.08 (0.50–5.65) | 1.41 (−1.65–4.48) | 2.26 (−0.92–5.45) | 2.30 (−1.96–6.55) | −0.26 (−1.23–0.71) | −0.27 (−1.58–1.04) |
Profession | ||||||
Nurse | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Technical staff | −1.03 (−3.22–1.16) | 0.40 (−1.76–2.56) | −2.50 (−5.18–0.20) | −0.65 (−3.65–2.35) | −0.78 (−1.58–0.02) | 0.13 (−0.78–1.05) |
Physician | −2.16 (−4.14–−0.19) | −0.26 (−2.05–1.54) | −2.11 (−4.54–0.31) | −0.79 (−3.28–1.70) | −0.78 (−1.46–−0.09) | −0.42 (−1.16–0.32) |
Labor hospital | ||||||
Hospital 1 | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Hospital 2 | −2.57 (−4.20–−0.94) | −0.27 (−2.66–2.11) | −0.96 (−3.04–1.12) | 1.18 (−2.12–4.49) | 0.22 (−0.38–0.83) | 0.68 (−0.30–1.66) |
Occupation | ||||||
COVID-19 area | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Non-COVID-19 area | 1.56 (−0.89–4.00) | 0.86 (−1.70–3.41) | 2.16 (−0.92–5.24) | 1.45 (−2.08–4.99) | 0.07 (−0.90–1.03) | −0.22 (−1.27–0.82) |
Both | 2.73 (0.83–4.63) | 1.35 (−0.42–3.12) | 1.44 (−0.96–3.83) | 0.31 (−2.15–2.77) | −0.16 (−0.85–0.54) | −0.37 (−1.10–0.36) |
Service where you work | ||||||
Emergency | Ref | - | Ref | - | Ref | - |
Triage COVID-19 | −2.23 (−6.70–2.23) | - | −1.03 (−6.69–4.62) | - | 0.72 (−0.85–2.29) | - |
Non-COVID-19 Hospitalization | 1.02 (−2.06–4.10) | - | 2.08 (−1.82–5.99) | - | 1.14 (0.02–2.25) | - |
COVID-19 Hospitalization | −1.4 (−4.49–1.69) | - | 0.58 (−3.34–4.49) | - | 0.96 (−0.16–2.07) | - |
Consultation | −0.02 (−3.46–3.43) | - | 0.42 (−3.95–4.78) | - | 0.16 (−1.10–1.41) | - |
Working hours | ||||||
≥150 h | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
<150 h | 3.29 (1.62–4.97) | 1.60 (−0.09–3.29) | 3.93 (1.83–6.03) | 2.14 (−0.20–4.48) | 0.92 (0.30–1.54) | 0.80 (0.10–1.49) |
Pathological history | ||||||
Yes | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
No | −0.77 (−3.16–1.60) | −0.37 (−2.43–1.69) | −3.08 (−5.95–−0.21) | −2.73 (−5.59–0.13) | −0.81 (−1.65–0.02) | −0.96 (−1.82–−0.10) |
Loss of family member/close friend | ||||||
No | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Yes | −0.11 (−1.81–1.60) | 0.24 (−1.29–1.77) | 0.22 (−1.87–2.31) | −0.24 (−2.36–1.89) | 0.26 (−0.35–0.86) | 0.19 (−0.44–0.83) |
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Martínez Pajuelo, A.R.; Irrazabal Ramos, J.E.; Lazo-Porras, M.
Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptomatology According to Gender in Health-Care Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Peru
Martínez Pajuelo AR, Irrazabal Ramos JE, Lazo-Porras M.
Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptomatology According to Gender in Health-Care Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Peru
Martínez Pajuelo, Alex Ricardo, José Eduardo Irrazabal Ramos, and Maria Lazo-Porras.
2022. "Anxiety, Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Symptomatology According to Gender in Health-Care Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Peru