Experimental Investigation on Red Mud from the Bayer Process for Cemented Paste Backfill
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
- (1)
- Tailings
- (2)
- Binder
- (3)
- Activator
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Experimental Programs
- (1)
- Self-consolidation characteristics of red mud
- (2)
- Cementitious characteristics of the binders
- (3)
- Cementitious characteristics of binders with activators
2.2.2. Specimen Preparation
2.2.3. Experimental Methods
- (1)
- UCS tests
- (2)
- Water immersion tests
- (3)
- Leaching experiments
- (4)
- Microstructural analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Strength Development of Red Mud-Based CPB under Standard Conditions
3.1.1. Strength Development of Specimens with Red Mud
3.1.2. Strength Development of Red Mud-Based CPB with the Binder
3.1.3. Strength Development of Red Mud-Based CPB with Lime
3.2. Strength Development of Red Mud-Based CPB under the Immersion Conditions
3.3. Leaching Experiments
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- Red mud from the Bayer process is obviously not an ideal backfilling aggregate due to the fine particle size distribution and strong alkaline. In addition, the specimens made of red mud show poor water resistance and disintegrate after being immersed in water.
- (2)
- Cement can effectively improve the mechanical properties and water resistance of red mud-based CPB. The specimens with cement have a softening coefficient of 0.71, and those with cement and lime have a softening coefficient of 0.77.
- (3)
- Slag cannot be used alone as a binder. However, red mud-based CPB prepared with slag and lime shows excellent mechanical properties and water resistance.
- (4)
- The addition of binders has a significant inhibitory effect on the leaching of hazardous substances in red mud under the solidification and stabilization effects. The leaching concentration of hexavalent chromium, selenium, fluoride, arsenic, lead, and vanadium is reduced by more than 70%.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specific Gravity | Permeability Coefficient (cm/s) | Median Particle Size (μm) | Specific Surface Area (m2/kg) | Nonuniform Coefficient | Curvature Coefficient | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.424 | 3.35 × 10−7 | 3.248 | 2940 | 4.741 | 0.946 | 12.1 |
Element Unit | CaO (wt. %) | SiO2 (wt. %) | Fe2O3 (wt. %) | Al2O3 (wt. %) | MgO (wt. %) | SO3 (wt. %) | LOI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 63.20 | 20.9 | 2.77 | 5.45 | 2.7 | 2.54 | - |
Slag | 39.25 | 33.40 | 0.31 | 15.15 | 7.67 | 2.38 | 0.11 |
Specimens | Mn | Cu | Zn | Hg | As | Se |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red mud sample | 0.002 | 0.03 | 0.02 | <0.0001 | 0.007 | 0.008 |
Sample with cement | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.0001 | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Sample with slag | <0.001 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Standards | ≤0.1 | ≤1 | ≤1 | ≤0.001 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.01 |
Specimens | Cd | Cr6+ | Pb | Be | Sb | Ba |
Red mud sample | <0.001 | 0.131 | 0.01 | <0.001 | <0.002 | <0.01 |
Sample with cement | <0.001 | 0.028 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.002 | <0.01 |
Sample with slag | <0.001 | 0.035 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.002 | <0.01 |
Standards | ≤0.005 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.01 | ≤0.002 | ≤0.005 | ≤0.7 |
Specimens | Ni | Co | Mo | Ag | V | Fluoride |
Red mud sample | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.11 | <0.01 | 1.05 | 10.6 |
Sample with cement | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.03 | <0.01 | 0.31 | 2.02 |
Sample with slag | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.03 | <0.01 | 0.28 | 1.75 |
Standards | ≤0.02 | ≤0.05 | ≤0.07 | ≤0.05 | - | ≤1 |
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Bian, J.; Li, S.; Zhang, Q. Experimental Investigation on Red Mud from the Bayer Process for Cemented Paste Backfill. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11926. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911926
Bian J, Li S, Zhang Q. Experimental Investigation on Red Mud from the Bayer Process for Cemented Paste Backfill. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11926. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911926
Chicago/Turabian StyleBian, Jiwei, Shuai Li, and Qinli Zhang. 2022. "Experimental Investigation on Red Mud from the Bayer Process for Cemented Paste Backfill" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11926. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911926