Drinking Expectancies among Chinese Young Adults: A Qualitative Study from Hong Kong
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Recruitment and Implementation
2.2. Topic Guide
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Focus Group Participant Demographics
3.2. Culturally Relevant Drinking-Related Expectancies
3.2.1. Expectancy 1: Short-Term Negative Consequences
“There was a time when I had an emotional breakdown after a night of drinking. I became so emotional and couldn’t stop crying”. (21, F, university-educated drinker).
3.2.2. Expectancy 2: Confidence Enhancement
“I tend to bottle up all my emotions because I don’t want to be shown as weak or emotional. I find that I can only express my grievances in daily life, work, or personnel relations with my friends when I am tipsy”. (23, M, weekly/binge drinker).
3.2.3. Expectancy 3: Tension Reduction
“The moment I have a drink, I just don’t think [about my problems]. Although the problem persists after I sober up, but that moment of being worry-free helps”. (22, M, weekly/binge drinker).
3.2.4. Expectancy 4: Social Bonding and Facilitator of Socialization
“Drinking helps me fit in in my social group and bond better with my peers. Being able to drink is essential to make friends, especially in [university] residential halls. If I don’t drink, I feel left out”. (22, F, university-educated drinker).
“Drinking is a good way to celebrate any special occasion, whether it is birthday or holiday. Having a drink just put you into a better mood”. (23, F, university-educated drinker).
3.2.5. Expectancy 5: Benefits of Business Drinking
“Drinking is necessary for corporate events”. (27, M, university-educated drinker).
“Drinking can improve work relationship with colleagues”. (30, M, non-university-educated drinker).
3.2.6. Expectancy 6: Health Benefits of Drinking
“I believe that drinking red wine is good for my skin. There are also some Chinese herbal wines that is good for the skin, help detox, and strengthen my body”. (28, F, non-current drinker).
“Some food pairing with drinks is essential. Like you must have Korean fried chicken with beer and steak with wine. Drinking makes me have a greater appetite and eat more”. (29, F, weekly/binge drinker).
Expectancy Domains | Definition | Example of Participant Quotes |
---|---|---|
Negative consequences | Negative short-term consequences resulted from alcohol consumption (e.g., hangover, poor mood, impaired school/work performance). | “Sometimes if I drink too much… there was a period of them when I drink so much that my liver was in pain... and it felt so bad when I have to vomit”. (20, F, uni educated drinker). |
Increased confidence | Alcohol helped to increase self-confidence in social settings and allowed people to be more assertive and less shy. | “When I went study abroad in Europe, there wasn’t much entertainment, and it was quite bored. So, I went drinking with some of my peers. Surprisingly, I was less concern about getting embarrassed about my English after I had a few drinks down”. (25, M, non-drinker). |
Tension reduction | Alcohol aided in alleviating feelings of stress and tension. Drinking helped people to relax and unwind. | “When I am usually exhausted after a long day of work. I work at a restaurant and have to stand and serve all day long. I will just grab a drink and relax after work”. (21, F, non-university-educated drinker). |
Social bonding | Alcohol served as a social lubricant to facilitate social interactions and create a sense of closeness in groups. Alcohol eased interpersonal interactions by enlivening the mood of gatherings. | “I think if I am with a group of friends, alcohol lightens up the atmosphere as it’ll makes you more hyper. Alcohol makes it easier to mingle with others and is always present in my social gatherings”. (20, F, binge or weekly drinkers). |
Business drinking | Work-related benefits to alcohol. Alcohol helped to cement business relationships (with employers, colleagues, and clients) and improved their professional image. | “I will be seen as more knowledgeable, presentable, and high-class if know my alcohol”. (21, F, non-drinker). |
Health benefits | Belief that alcohol consumption provided certain health benefits (i.e., reduce risk of cardiovascular disease and anti-aging). | “I have heard some experts say that drinking a glass or a small glass of red wine a day is good for blood circulation and cardiovascular health”. (26, M, weekly or binge drinker). |
3.3. Culturally Non-Relevant Expectancies
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Demographic Characteristics | % (n) |
---|---|
Gender | |
Male | 49.1% (26) |
Female | 50.9% (27) |
Age | |
18–24 | 52.8% (28) |
25–29 | 37.7% (20) |
30–34 | 9.4% (5) |
Educational attainment | |
Up to F.5 | 1.9% (1) |
Higher diploma/associate degree | 32.1% (17) |
University or higher | 66.0% (35) |
Experienced living abroad | |
No | 62.3% (33) |
Yes | 37.7% (20) |
Marital status | |
Single | 90.6% (48) |
Cohabitating | 3.8% (2) |
Married | 5.7% (3) |
Employment status | |
Unemployed/housewife/househusband | 15.1% (8) |
Full-time student | 41.5% (22) |
Employed | 43.4% (23) |
Monthly household income (HKD 7.8 = USD 1) | |
Under HKD 20,000 | 26.4% (14) |
HKD 20,000–39,999 | 39.6% (21) |
HKD 40,000–59,999 | 15.1% (8) |
HKD 60,000 or above | 18.9% (10) |
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Chan, R.H.W.; Dong, D.; Kim, J.H. Drinking Expectancies among Chinese Young Adults: A Qualitative Study from Hong Kong. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911865
Chan RHW, Dong D, Kim JH. Drinking Expectancies among Chinese Young Adults: A Qualitative Study from Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911865
Chicago/Turabian StyleChan, Rufina H. W., Dong Dong, and Jean H. Kim. 2022. "Drinking Expectancies among Chinese Young Adults: A Qualitative Study from Hong Kong" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911865
APA StyleChan, R. H. W., Dong, D., & Kim, J. H. (2022). Drinking Expectancies among Chinese Young Adults: A Qualitative Study from Hong Kong. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 11865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911865