Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust in Croatia: Levels, Sources, and Human Health Risks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of House Dust Samples
2.2. PAH Analysis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Human Exposure
3. Results
3.1. Levels and Profile of PAHs in House Dust
3.2. Correlation between PAH Mass Fractions and Household Factors
3.3. Identification of PAHs Sources
3.4. Human Exposure Assessment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PAHs | Min | Max | Median | Geometric Mean | 5th Percentile | 95th Percentile |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flu | 29.7 | 475.8 | 109.0 | 113.3 | 43.6 | 298.7 |
Pyr | 19.4 | 362.6 | 101.8 | 95.9 | 42.5 | 253.3 |
BaA | 3.0 | 81.9 | 18.6 | 18.9 | 5.4 | 58.3 |
Chry | 1.8 | 248.3 | 23.9 | 19.9 | 2.9 | 102.0 |
BjF | 0.0 | 88.8 | 12.4 | 1.9 | 53.2 | |
BbF | 0.9 | 161.5 | 35.8 | 31.2 | 10.5 | 99.2 |
BkF | 2.9 | 70.2 | 12.9 | 12.7 | 4.1 | 36. 8 |
BaP | 2.9 | 106.1 | 17.2 | 17.3 | 5.2 | 68.9 |
DahA | 1.6 | 63.2 | 4.6 | 5.3 | 2.7 | 22.6 |
BghiP | 10.3 | 255.4 | 74.2 | 67.4 | 17.2 | 174.7 |
IP | 4.4 | 122.4 | 20.9 | 21.6 | 5.6 | 81.4 |
ΣPAHs | 92.9 | 1504.1 | 466.8 | 447.4 | 170.5 | 1097.3 |
Measuring Place | Sampling Year | No. of Measured PAHs | ΣPAH (ng g−1) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Italy | 2006 | 16 | 36–34,453 | [18] |
Canada | 2002–2003 | 13 | 1500–325,000 | [8] |
California | 2005–2007 | 16 | 163–4390 | [17] |
Greece | 2010 | 16 | 26.2–1394 | [21] |
Brazil | 2008 | 16 | 400–13,310 | [37] |
China | 2012 | 18 | 2180–14,200 | [9] |
Czech Republic | 2013 | 15 | 39.1 ± 9.43 a | [23] |
Saudi Arabia | 2014–2015 | 15 | 950–11,950 | [38] |
Kuwait | 2014–2015 | 15 | 450–9100 | [38] |
China | 2014–2015 | 16 | 21,800–329,600 | [36] |
Nigeria | 2016 | 16 | 205–2963 | [14] |
Saudi Arabia | / | 13 | 55–16,275 | [39] |
Ecuadorian Amazonia | 2017 | 16 | 130–29,200 | [5] |
Kuwait | 2018 | 16 | 450–2242 | [40] |
Iran | 2018 | 16 | 131–429 | [41] |
Greece | 2017 | 16 | 703–13,200 | [10] |
Greece | 2015 | 25 | 1400–7300 | [22] |
Saudi Arabia | 2020 | 13 | 2310–37,665 | [15] |
Serbia | 2021 | 16 | 140–8265 | [20] |
Croatia | 2020–2021 | 11 | 92.9–1504.1 | This study |
Pyr | BaA | Chry | BjF | BbF | BkF | BaP | DahA | BghiP | IP | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Flu | 0.956 | 0.858 | 0.629 | 0.665 | 0.817 | 0.756 | 0.780 | 0.354 a | 0.604 | 0.726 |
Pyr | 0.848 | 0.642 | 0.622 | 0.811 | 0.790 | 0.785 | 0.371 a | 0.648 | 0.751 | |
BaA | 0.580 | 0.657 | 0.778 | 0.742 | 0.743 | 0.285 b | 0.560 | 0.746 | ||
Chry | 0.431 | 0.595 | 0.496 | 0.559 | 0.239 | 0.439 | 0.389 a | |||
BjF | 0.748 | 0.669 | 0.687 | 0.180 | 0.486 | 0.686 | ||||
BbF | 0.905 | 0.884 | 0.322 a | 0.576 | 0.874 | |||||
BkF | 0.853 | 0.341 a | 0.589 | 0.874 | ||||||
BaP | 0.383 a | 0.529 | 0.854 | |||||||
DahA | 0.131 | 0.328 a | ||||||||
BghiP | 0.578 |
Flu | Pyr | BaA | Chry | BjF | BbF | BkF | BaP | DahA | BghiP | IP | ΣPAHs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age of the house | 0.111 | 0.106 | 0.111 | 0.111 | 0.109 | 0.227 | 0.245 | 0.223 | 0.121 | −0.004 | 0.221 | 0.114 |
Number of residents | −0.019 | −0.035 | −0.095 | 0.007 | 0.063 | −0.079 | −0.052 | −0.061 | 0.056 | −0.019 | −0.099 | −0.043 |
House area | 0.089 | 0.094 | 0.045 | −0.047 | 0.276 | 0.196 | 0.128 | 0.159 | −0.117 | 0.143 | 0.197 | 0.138 |
Carpeted area | −0.014 | −0.047 | −0.054 | 0.007 | 0.300 | 0.126 | 0.069 | 0.180 | 0.021 | 0.112 | 0.120 | 0.085 |
Number of upholstered furniture | −0.017 | −0.019 | −0.109 | −0.106 | 0.081 | −0.006 | −0.014 | 0.001 | 0.106 | −0.067 | 0.018 | −0.023 |
Number of windows | 0.022 | 0.004 | −0.047 | −0.091 | 0.231 | 0.135 | 0.079 | 0.172 | −0.020 | −0.019 | 0.103 | 0.060 |
Balcony area | 0.043 | 0.111 | −0.040 | −0.087 | 0.074 | 0.039 | 0.090 | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.201 | 0.108 | 0.073 |
Number of curtains | 0.165 | 0.157 | 0.185 | 0.062 | 0.359 | 0.228 | 0.252 | 0.282 | 0.130 | 0.256 | 0.278 | 0.237 |
Number of electronic devices | 0.161 | 0.145 | 0.110 | 0.054 | 0.298 | 0.192 | 0.249 | 0.197 | 0.076 | 0.081 | 0.198 | 0.184 |
Active use of electronic devices | 0.206 | 0.212 | 0.168 | 0.500 | 0.254 | 0.257 | 0.225 | 0.267 | 0.004 | 0.128 | 0.149 | 0.275 |
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Jakovljević, I.; Dvoršćak, M.; Jagić, K.; Klinčić, D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust in Croatia: Levels, Sources, and Human Health Risks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11848. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911848
Jakovljević I, Dvoršćak M, Jagić K, Klinčić D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust in Croatia: Levels, Sources, and Human Health Risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11848. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911848
Chicago/Turabian StyleJakovljević, Ivana, Marija Dvoršćak, Karla Jagić, and Darija Klinčić. 2022. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Indoor Dust in Croatia: Levels, Sources, and Human Health Risks" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11848. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911848