Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mercury Exposure among Populations and Environments in Contact with Electronic Waste
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Literature Search
2.2. Screening Process
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Study Quality
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Location and Quality
3.2. Mercury in E-Waste Products
3.3. Mercury in Environments Contaminated by E-Waste
3.3.1. Environments Contaminated by E-Waste: Soil and Sediments
3.3.2. Environments Contaminated by E-Waste: Water
3.3.3. Environments Contaminated by E-Waste: Dust
3.3.4. Environments Contaminated by E-Waste: Food and Animals
3.3.5. Environments Contaminated by E-Waste: Air
3.3.6. Environments Contaminated by E-Waste: Plants
3.3.7. Environments Contaminated by E-Waste: Summary
3.4. Mercury in Biomarkers of Populations Exposed to E-Waste
3.4.1. Blood and Serum Samples
3.4.2. Urine Samples
3.4.3. Hair Samples
3.4.4. Biomarkers Summary
3.4.5. Comparison with Guidelines
4. Discussion
4.1. Mercury in E-Waste Products
4.2. Mercury in Environments Contaminated with E-Waste
4.3. Mercury in Biomarkers of Populations Exposed to E-Waste
4.4. Limitations
4.5. The Minamata Convention
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Environmental Samples | Biomarker Samples | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Category | Description | Example | Description | Example |
1 | Active e-waste recycling area | Burning site, dismantling site, e-waste workshop, acid-leaching site, shredding site, recycling site, sorting site, food grown in e-waste area | Active e-waste worker | |
2 | Abandoned e-waste area or near active e-waste area | Commercial site, storage space, desoldering space, loading area, municipal solid waste that may contain e-waste | Person living near e-waste activity or retired e-waste worker | Traders, persons from cities with high e-waste recycling activity |
3 | Control area near e-waste recycling site | Area surrounding e-waste, office space of e-waste workshop | Person (control) near e-waste activity | Office workers of e-waste workshop, control from a city with high e-waste activity |
4 | Control area far from e-waste recycling site | Different city, specifically uncontaminated sample | Person (control) far from e-waste activity and never involved with e-waste |
Data Group | Mercury in E-Waste Products | Mercury in Environments Contaminated by E-Waste | Mercury in Biomarkers of Populations Exposed to E-Waste |
---|---|---|---|
# Publications | n = 23 | n = 42 | n = 23 |
Year Range | 2005–2022 | 2008–2021 | 2009–2021 |
Countries | Austria, Belgium, Brazil, China, France, Germany, Greece, India, Iran, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, United States | Cameroon, China, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Norway, Sweden, Thailand | China, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Sweden, Thailand, United States, Vietnam |
WHO Regions | Europe (n = 10), WesternPacific (n = 5), Americas (n = 4), Southeast Asia (n = 1), Eastern Mediterranean (n = 1), not specified (n = 2) | Western Pacific (n = 25), Africa (n = 7), Europe (n = 6), Southeast Asia (n = 4) | Western Pacific (n = 10), Africa (n = 5), Southeast Asia (n = 4), Americas (n = 2), Europe (n = 2) |
1 Median Study Quality Score | 6 [1–11] | 9 [3–13] | 14 [9–19] |
Exposure Group | Central Tendency Value | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | sample media category | unit | total samples | geometric mean | median | mean | IQR | minimum | maximum | SD |
soil and sediment | mg/kg | 707 | 1.86 | 0.80 | 204.04 | 2.87 | 0.02 | 6402.00 | 969.52 | |
water | mg/kg | 45 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.49 | 0.22 | |
dust | mg/kg | 66 | 2.44 | 2.54 | 8.48 | 4.33 | 0.10 | 37.60 | 14.44 | |
food or animals | mg/kg | 198 | 0.12 | 0.08 | 1.55 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 20.80 | 4.59 | |
air | μg/m3 | 774 | 1.29 | 4.70 | 5.87 | 7.23 | 0.01 | 21.70 | 6.49 | |
plants | mg/kg | 194 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.01 | |
other | mg/kg | 6 | 7 | N.A. | 7 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
2 | soil and sediment | mg/kg | 385 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.98 | 0.54 | 0.00 | 9.91 | 1.94 |
dust | mg/kg | 27 | 2.20 | 2.26 | 26.75 | 6.26 | 0.15 | 148.00 | 59.47 | |
food or animals | mg/kg | 13 | 0.15 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.06 | 0.52 | 0.25 | |
air | μg/m3 | 1 | 0.035 | N.A. | 0.04 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
plants | mg/kg | 14 | 0.00017 | N.A. | 0.00 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
3 | soil and sediment | mg/kg | 26 | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.07 |
food or animals | mg/kg | 10 | 0.17 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.13 | |
air | μg/m3 | 6 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
4 | soil and sediment | mg/kg | 58 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 5.71 | 0.21 | 0.00 | 78.10 | 20.84 |
water | mg/kg | 8 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03 | 0.08 | 0.04 | |
dust | mg/kg | 4 | 0.05 | N.A. | 0.05 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
food or animals | mg/kg | 78 | 0.04 | 0.02 | 3.17 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 28.40 | 9.46 | |
air | μg/m3 | 114 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.05 | |
plants | mg/kg | 38 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Exposure Group | Central Tendency | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | sample media category | unit | total samples | geometric mean | median | mean | IQR | minimum | maximum | SD |
blood | μg/L | 399 | 0.60 | 1.40 | 1.81 | 2.26 | 0.00 | 3.60 | 1.47 | |
serum | μg/L | 128 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.00 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.00 | |
urine | μg/L | 273 | 0.10 | 0.38 | 0.50 | 0.30 | 0.00 | 1.40 | 0.54 | |
urine adjusted for creatinine | μg/g creatinine | 324 | 0.93 | 1.31 | 4.23 | 3.01 | 0.07 | 18.98 | 7.36 | |
hair | μg/g | 151 | 0.72 | 1.13 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.10 | 1.64 | 0.58 | |
2 | blood | μg/L | 515 | 1.30 | 3.62 | 3.71 | 2.07 | 0.00 | 11.13 | 3.32 |
serum | μg/L | 26 | 0.8 | N.A. | 0.80 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
urine | μg/L | 11 | 0.0004 | N.A. | 0.00 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
urine adjusted for creatinine | μg/g creatinine | 26 | 0.42 | N.A. | 0.42 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
hair | μg/g | 227 | 0.39 | 0.88 | 0.85 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 1.52 | 0.54 | |
3 | blood | μg/L | 116 | 2.60 | 3.42 | 2.97 | 1.55 | 1.20 | 4.30 | 1.60 |
serum | μg/L | 65 | 0.8 | N.A. | 0.8 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
urine | μg/L | 10 | 0.66 | N.A. | 0.66 | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | N.A. | |
urine adjusted for creatinine | μg/g creatinine | 132 | 0.55 | 0.24 | 2.45 | 2.28 | 0.18 | 9.15 | 4.47 | |
blood | μg/L | 409 | 2.22 | 2.34 | 2.35 | 0.69 | 1.10 | 3.46 | 0.80 | |
4 | urine | μg/L | 60 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.01 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.01 |
urine adjusted for creatinine | μg/g creatinine | 96 | 0.43 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.43 | 0.18 | 1.04 | 0.61 | |
hair | μg/g | 213 | 1.00 | 1.06 | 1.06 | 0.34 | 0.72 | 1.40 | 0.48 |
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Aubrac, G.; Bastiansz, A.; Basu, N. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mercury Exposure among Populations and Environments in Contact with Electronic Waste. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911843
Aubrac G, Bastiansz A, Basu N. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mercury Exposure among Populations and Environments in Contact with Electronic Waste. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(19):11843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911843
Chicago/Turabian StyleAubrac, Gwen, Ashley Bastiansz, and Niladri Basu. 2022. "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Mercury Exposure among Populations and Environments in Contact with Electronic Waste" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 19: 11843. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191911843