Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Lower in Individuals with Normal Weight Obesity in the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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9 | All (n = 2055) | NWL (n = 363) | NOW (n = 387) | OB (n = 1305) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 39.39 ± 0.44 | 34.57 ± 0.67 a | 40.48 ± 1.01 b | 40.71 ± 0.43 b | <0.001 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.27 ± 0.17 | 21.87 ± 0.08 a | 23.19 ± 0.06 b | 30.42 ± 0.18 c | <0.001 | |
Sex | Male | 1147 (54.12%) | 205 (50.67%) | 182 (45.10%) | 760 (58.15%) | 0.003 |
Female | 908 (45.88%) | 158 (49.33%) | 205 (54.90%) | 545 (41.85%) | ||
Race | Mexican American | 510 (9.82%) | 59 (6.42%) | 86 (8.56%) | 365 (11.38%) | <0.001 |
Other Hispanic | 78 (3.99%) | 12 (3.69%) | 14 (3.49%) | 52 (4.25%) | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 1034 (70.49%) | 207 (73.87%) | 220 (73.88%) | 607 (68.25%) | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 350 (10.27%) | 70 (10.98%) | 39 (4.95%) | 241 (11.71%) | ||
Other | 83 (5.44%) | 15 (5.04%) | 28 (9.11%) | 40 (4.41%) | ||
Education | ≤Some high school | 456 (12.44%) | 70 (11.93%) | 78 (11.27%) | 308 (12.98%) | 0.008 |
High School Graduate/GED or Equivalent | 472 (23.36%) | 62 (16.36%) | 103 (24.26%) | 307 (25.48%) | ||
Some college/Associate’s degree | 632 (34.28%) | 122 (35.74%) | 104 (30.72%) | 406 (34.90%) | ||
≥College Graduate | 495 (29.93%) | 109 (35.98%) | 102 (33.74%) | 284 (26.64%) | ||
Income | <USD 25,000 | 499 (17.37%) | 102 (21.91%) | 98 (17.69%) | 299 (15.71%) | 0.429 |
USD 25,000 to <45,000 | 493 (21.67%) | 82 (21.69%) | 91 (20.54%) | 320 (22.03%) | ||
USD 45,000 to <75,000 | 491 (26.32%) | 82 (24.37%) | 91 (26.80%) | 318 (26.84%) | ||
≥USD 75,000 | 572 (34.63%) | 97 (32.03%) | 107 (34.97%) | 368 (35.42%) | ||
Smoking | Never smoker | 1139 (55.90%) | 193 (56.72%) | 200 (53.88%) | 746 (56.26%) | 0.003 |
Current smoker | 463 (21.37%) | 59 (15.50 %) | 85 (19.73%) | 319 (23.91%) | ||
Former smoker | 453 (22.73%) | 111 (27.78%) | 102 (26.39%) | 240 (19.83%) | ||
Alcohol | Lifelong abstainers | 238 (10.98%) | 41 (10.21%) | 53 (13.99 %) | 144 (10.29%) | 0.002 |
Ex-drinkers | 320 (13.57%) | 35 (7.21%) | 66 (14.99%) | 219 (15.31%) | ||
Current drinkers | 1497 (75.45%) | 287 (82.59%) | 268 (71.02%) | 942 (74.40%) |
Without Adjustment | Model 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | 95% CI | Estimate | 95% CI | |
Moderate to vigorous PA | ||||
Intercept | 42.32 | 37.35, 47.28 | 47.68 | 32.95, 62.41 |
NWO | −11.84 | −18.64, −5.05 | −8.30 | −15.20, −1.40 |
OB | −11.25 | −15.91, −6.59 | −10.18 | −14.83, −5.54 |
Light intensity PA | ||||
Intercept | 367.50 | 355.12, 379.87 | 376.34 | 319.12, 433.56 |
NWO | −16.68 | −29.69, −3.66 | −17.71 | −30.61, −4.81 |
OB | −4.59 | −19.03, 9.86 | −10.44 | −25.27, 4.40 |
Sedentary time | ||||
Intercept | 463.46 | 451.14, 475.79 | 355.91 | 301.97, 409.85 |
NWO | 9.60 | −5.51, 24.71 | 7.19 | −8.31, 22.70 |
OB | 12.23 | −2.44, 26.90 | 12.07 | −3.46, 27.60 |
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Wijayatunga, N.N.; Kim, H.; Hays, H.M.; Kang, M. Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Lower in Individuals with Normal Weight Obesity in the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811747
Wijayatunga NN, Kim H, Hays HM, Kang M. Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Lower in Individuals with Normal Weight Obesity in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811747
Chicago/Turabian StyleWijayatunga, Nadeeja N., Heontae Kim, Harry M. Hays, and Minsoo Kang. 2022. "Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Lower in Individuals with Normal Weight Obesity in the United States" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811747
APA StyleWijayatunga, N. N., Kim, H., Hays, H. M., & Kang, M. (2022). Objectively Measured Physical Activity Is Lower in Individuals with Normal Weight Obesity in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11747. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811747