Comparison between Macro and Trace Element Concentrations in Human Semen and Blood Serum in Highly Polluted Areas in Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Materials
2.2. Ethical Statements
2.3. General Description
2.4. Semen and Serum Collection
2.5. Macro and Trace Elements Analysis
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BSC | Brescia-Caffaro area |
SRV | Sacco River Valley area |
LF | Land of Fires area |
WRC | Whole Recruited Cohort |
ATSDR | Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry |
IARC | International Agency for Research on Cancer |
WHO | World Health Organization |
LOD | Limit of Detection |
LOQ | Limit of Quantification |
SIVR | Italian Society of Reference Values |
SIN | Sites of National Interest |
ISS | Italian National Institute of Health |
ROS | Reactive Oxygen Species |
CRM | Certified Reference Materials |
IRMM | Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements |
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WRC | BSC | LF | SRV | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Median | Range | n | Median | Range | n | Median | Range | n | Median | Range | p Value 1 | |
Blood serum | |||||||||||||
Ca | 330 | 157 | 52.4–4627 | 144 | 102 | 52.4–251 | 135 | 184 | 116–4627 | 51 | 188 | 145–3082 | 0.0001 |
Mg | 330 | 29.8 | 10.7–135 | 144 | 20.1 | 10.7–44.1 | 135 | 32.1 | 22.7–119 | 51 | 41 | 33.4–135 | 0.0001 |
Na | 256 | 4455 | 3238–10,449 | 70 | 4322 | 3238–6399 | 135 | 4471 | 3485–7383 | 51 | 4576 | 4115–10,449 | 0.0001 |
K | 256 | 229 | 123–878 | 70 | 210 | 123–278 | 135 | 231 | 162–878 | 51 | 250 | 200–570 | 0.0001 |
Semen | |||||||||||||
Ca | 262 | 488 | 117–1193 | 113 | 560 | 237–1193 | 94 | 453 | 133–1171 | 55 | 412 | 117–773 | 0.0001 |
Mg | 262 | 128 | 11.6–449 | 113 | 172 | 25.6–441 | 94 | 120 | 11.6–449 | 55 | 103 | 19.7–251 | 0.0001 |
Na | 262 | 4302 | 91.9–9745 | 113 | 4915 | 2397–9745 | 94 | 3960 | 91.9–7777 | 55 | 3900 | 354–6759 | 0.0001 |
K | 262 | 1866 | 12.7–3879 | 113 | 2063 | 1074–3879 | 94 | 1712 | 12.7–3464 | 55 | 1632 | 145–3508 | 0.0001 |
WRC | BSC | LF | SRV | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Median | Range | n | Median | Range | n | Median | Range | n | Median | Range | p Value 1 | |
Blood serum | |||||||||||||
Cu | 332 | 842 | 445–2049 | 144 | 786 | 461–2049 | 137 | 918 | 554–1807 | 51 | 766 | 445–1103 | 0.0001 |
Mn | 286 | 4.8 | 0.4–35.9 | 124 | 3.9 | 0.4–19.5 | 137 | 6.4 | 1.4–35.9 | 25 | 3.1 | 0.8–13.1 | 0.0001 |
Se | 332 | 103 | 50.3–248 | 144 | 98.4 | 66.5–248 | 137 | 110 | 85.7–162 | 51 | 91.1 | 50.3–122 | 0.0001 |
Zn | 331 | 1204 | 618–4820 | 144 | 1285 | 736–4820 | 136 | 1214 | 710–2026 | 51 | 884 | 618–1358 | 0.0001 |
Semen | |||||||||||||
Cu | 268 | 142 | 36.9–1085 | 113 | 165 | 76.6–635 | 100 | 144 | 44.1–1085 | 55 | 118 | 36.9–482 | 0.0001 |
Fe | 268 | 1375 | 329–119,401 | 113 | 2662 | 428–47,180 | 100 | 1166 | 329–119,401 | 55 | 807 | 375–88,138 | 0.0001 |
Mn | 268 | 10.1 | 2.5–133 | 113 | 12.8 | 3.3–108 | 100 | 8.9 | 2.5–133 | 55 | 7.9 | 2.7–50.6 | 0.0033 |
Ni | 152 | 14.4 | 4.4–240 | 109 | 27.1 | 5.5–240 | 100 | <4.2 | - | 43 | 7.5 | 4.5–66.8 | - |
Se | 268 | 38.2 | 3.9–119 | 113 | 49.4 | 18.4–110 | 100 | 36.5 | 6.6–119 | 55 | 36.5 | 6.6–119 | 0.0001 |
Zn | 268 | 91,316 | 48–526,312 | 113 | 130,430 | 400–526,312 | 100 | 59,137 | 48–219,654 | 55 | 68,206 | 200–223,536 | 0.0001 |
WRC | BSC | LF | SRV | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Median | Range | n | Median | Range | n | Median | Range | n | Median | Range | p Value 1 | |
Blood serum | |||||||||||||
As | 332 | 2.9 | 0.2–97.9 | 144 | 4.8 | 0.3–36.9 | 137 | 2.3 | 0.7–97.9 | 51 | 1.5 | 0.2–13.7 | 0.0001 |
Ba | 261 | 18.0 | 6.7–1268 | 129 | 25.6 | 6.7–1268 | 103 | 12.1 | 6.8–145 | 29 | 10.8 | 6.8–27.4 | 0.0001 |
Cd | 105 | 0.7 | 0.4–2.7 | 144 | <0.2 | - | 86 | 0.7 | 0.4–2.7 | 19 | 0.4 | 0.2–1.3 | - |
Hg | 144 | 0.7 | 0.2–4.4 | 95 | 0.6 | 0.2–2.9 | 88 | 0.9 | 0.2–4.4 | 51 | <0.2 | - | - |
Li | 317 | 12.5 | 0.7–371 | 136 | 30.3 | 0.7 – 106 | 132 | 11.6 | 1.8–22.3 | 49 | 13 | 8.3–371 | 0.0295 |
Pb | 318 | 1.3 | 0.1–231 | 136 | 1.9 | 0.2–231 | 131 | 1.2 | 0.1–40.5 | 51 | 1 | 0.2–3.9 | 0.0001 |
Rb | 332 | 159 | 84.2–1093 | 144 | 141 | 89.4–334 | 137 | 162 | 91.3–1093 | 51 | 194 | 102–289 | 0.0001 |
Sb | 292 | 1.1 | 0.2–7.6 | 137 | 2 | 0.3–7.6 | 113 | 0.9 | 0.3–6.7 | 42 | 0.7 | 0.2–7.2 | 0.0001 |
Sn | 281 | 1.9 | 0.2–36.9 | 96 | 1.2 | 0.2–36.9 | 136 | 2.3 | 0.2 – 5.1 | 49 | 1.8 | 0.2–3.6 | 0.0001 |
Sr | 332 | 30.8 | 14.5–124 | 144 | 32.3 | 15.1–124 | 137 | 28.7 | 14.5–60.3 | 51 | 32.8 | 14.7–56.0 | 0.0019 |
U | 193 | 0.3 | 0.2–2.5 | 72 | 0.3 | 0.2–2.5 | 96 | 0.3 | 0.2–1.5 | 25 | 0.3 | 0.2–0.7 | 0.0764 |
Semen | |||||||||||||
As | 267 | 4.6 | 0.2–33.7 | 112 | 4.0 | 0.2–33.7 | 100 | 6.0 | 1.6–17.8 | 55 | 4.0 | 1.0–16.5 | 0.0001 |
Ba | 204 | 74.5 | 26.0–19,847 | 49 | 48.4 | 26.0–103 | 100 | 75.2 | 27.6–3177 | 55 | 128.2 | 48.3–19,847 | 0.0001 |
Hg | 120 | 0.5 | 0.2–2.7 | 39 | 0.7 | 0.2–1.8 | 81 | 0.5 | 0.2–2.7 | 54 | <0.2 | - | - |
Li | 267 | 27.5 | 0.4–210 | 112 | 24.2 | 0.4–43.5 | 100 | 102 | 1.4–210 | 55 | 24.2 | 5.2–35.5 | 0.0001 |
Pb | 257 | 2.4 | 0.1–48.7 | 102 | 1.6 | 0.1–11.5 | 100 | 3.5 | 0.4–22.4 | 55 | 2.4 | 0.5–48.7 | 0.0001 |
Rb | 268 | 1489 | 214–4847 | 113 | 1504 | 688–2717 | 100 | 1315 | 328–3053 | 55 | 1733 | 214–4847 | 0.0025 |
Sb | 100 | 3.9 | 0.2–79.4 | 66 | 4.1 | 0.2–14.1 | 34 | 3.1 | 0.3–79.4 | 55 | <0.2 | - | - |
Sn | 260 | 3.5 | 0.2–28.4 | 112 | 3.5 | 3.1–27.4 | 94 | 3.5 | 2.4–28.4 | 54 | 2.3 | 3.6–8.8 | 0.0001 |
Sr | 268 | 70.8 | 206–272 | 113 | 76.1 | 32.3–272 | 100 | 67.0 | 22.3–186 | 55 | 67.6 | 20.6–152 | 0.008 |
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Nunzio, A.D.; Giarra, A.; Toscanesi, M.; Amoresano, A.; Piscopo, M.; Ceretti, E.; Zani, C.; Lorenzetti, S.; Trifuoggi, M.; Montano, L. Comparison between Macro and Trace Element Concentrations in Human Semen and Blood Serum in Highly Polluted Areas in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811635
Nunzio AD, Giarra A, Toscanesi M, Amoresano A, Piscopo M, Ceretti E, Zani C, Lorenzetti S, Trifuoggi M, Montano L. Comparison between Macro and Trace Element Concentrations in Human Semen and Blood Serum in Highly Polluted Areas in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811635
Chicago/Turabian StyleNunzio, Aldo Di, Antonella Giarra, Maria Toscanesi, Angela Amoresano, Marina Piscopo, Elisabetta Ceretti, Claudia Zani, Stefano Lorenzetti, Marco Trifuoggi, and Luigi Montano. 2022. "Comparison between Macro and Trace Element Concentrations in Human Semen and Blood Serum in Highly Polluted Areas in Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11635. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811635