Spatial-Temporal Characteristics and Driving Factors of the Eco-Efficiency of Tourist Hotels in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Research Framework
2.1. Literature on the Carbon Emissions of Hotels
2.2. Literature on the Eco-Efficiency Evaluation of Hotels
2.3. The Research Object
2.4. The Research Framework
3. Methods and Data
3.1. Economic and Eco-Efficiency Analysis Methods: Super-SBM Non-Oriented
3.2. Spatial Pattern Analysis
3.2.1. Hot Spot Analysis
3.2.2. Analysis of the Center of Gravity Coordinates
3.3. CR Model: Coupling Relationship
3.4. Driver Analysis: Panel Tobit Analysis
3.5. Indicators and Data
3.5.1. Indicators of Economic and Eco-Efficiency Analysis
3.5.2. Regression Model Indicator Selection and Model Building
3.6. Data Sources
4. Results
4.1. General Trends
4.2. Characteristics of the Spatial Distribution of Income and Carbon Emissions
4.3. Characteristics of the Spatial Distribution of Economic Efficiency and Eco-Efficiency
4.4. Coupling Analysis of Income and Carbon Emissions, Economic Efficiency, and Eco-Efficiency
4.5. Study of Driving Factors
4.5.1. First Stage Regression
4.5.2. Second Stage Regression
5. Discussions
6. Conclusions and Implications
6.1. Conclusions
6.2. Implications
6.3. Limitations and Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Acronyms | |
WU | Water consumption of tourist hotels |
WW | Wastewater discharge from tourist hotels |
GPC | GDP per capita |
TI | The proportion of the tertiary industry |
UP | The proportion of the urban population |
GPE | Energy consumption per unit of GDP |
ST | Number of students in colleges and universities |
KM | Number of road miles |
FI | Total year-end investment by foreign enterprises |
IIT | Number of international visitors received |
PT | Posts telecommunication |
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Indicators | Unit | ||
---|---|---|---|
Economic efficiency | Input | Investment | Million |
Energy consumption | Million tonnes of standard quasi-coal | ||
Output | Income | Million | |
Eco-efficiency | Input | Labor | 10 k people |
Investment | Million | ||
Energy consumption | Million tonnes of standard coal | ||
Water | Million tonnes | ||
Output | Income | Million | |
Undesirable output | Wastewater discharge | Million tonnes | |
Garbage emissions | Million tonnes | ||
SO2 Emissions | Ton | ||
Carbon emissions | Ton |
VarName | Mean | SD | Min | Median | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EE | 0.9976 | 0.3530 | 0.1552 | 1.0335 | 5.2535 |
lnIncome | 12.5221 | 1.0435 | 7.6629 | 12.5215 | 14.8061 |
lnCO2 | 1.8171 | 0.9626 | −2.7498 | 1.8077 | 4.1505 |
lninvestment | 13.4911 | 0.9234 | 10.1831 | 13.4518 | 15.5445 |
lnlabor | 10.4480 | 0.7903 | 7.2442 | 10.4832 | 12.2414 |
energy | 12.3533 | 12.0678 | 0.0846 | 8.0623 | 83.9339 |
lnWU | 14.5135 | 1.0303 | 11.4487 | 14.6088 | 16.7044 |
lnWW | 13.8556 | 1.1297 | 10.5232 | 13.7814 | 16.4624 |
lngarbage | 8.4608 | 1.0221 | 5.4709 | 8.3801 | 11.2042 |
lnSO2 | 6.1423 | 1.0271 | 2.1675 | 6.2885 | 7.8605 |
Coupling Relationships | Type | Features | Measures | Number in 2000 | Number of 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Income and CO2 | I | High income, high carbon emissions | Develop a low carbon emission reduction and green development strategy. | 2 | 5 |
II | Low income, high carbon emissions | Restructuring and scaling of industries. | 0 | 5 | |
III | Low income, low carbon emissions | Optimize the allocation of resources and give full play to the advantages of resources. | 28 | 19 | |
IV | Low carbon emissions, high income | Enhancing spillover effects. | 0 | 1 | |
Economic efficiency and eco-efficiency | I | High economic efficiency, high eco-efficiency | To drive the development of neighboring provinces, and achieve green and low-carbon sustainable development of tourist hotels. | 6 | 4 |
II | High economic efficiency, low eco-efficiency | Adjusting energy allocation and developing energy-saving and emission reduction plans to improve clean production and green services. | 0 | 0 | |
III | Low economic efficiency, low eco-efficiency | Improve the efficiency of capital and the quality of human capital. | 7 | 12 | |
IV | Low economic efficiency, high eco-efficiency | Develop the tourist hotel industry, respond to China’s energy-saving and emission reduction policy, and learn from the production and operation mode of the I-type area. | 17 | 8 |
EE | Conf. | Z |
---|---|---|
lnIncome | 0.447 | 9.027 *** |
lnCO2 | −0.300 | −10.419 *** |
lninvestment | −0.114 | −2.365 ** |
lnlabor | −0.223 | −4.264 *** |
lnWU | −0.126 | −3.834 *** |
lnWW | 0.075 | 1.857 * |
energy | 0.022 | 11.845 *** |
lngarbage | −0.144 | −3.744 *** |
lnSO2 | −0.045 | −2.647 *** |
_cons | 1.812 | 7.050 *** |
N | 600 |
Economic System | Environmental Systems | Resource System | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I | Model II | Model I | Model II | Model II | ||||||
lnIncome | Labor | CO2 | lngarbage | lnWU | ||||||
Coef. | Z | Coef. | Z | Coef. | Z | Coef. | Z | Coef. | Z | |
lnGPC | 0.207 | 2.439 ** | −0.007 | −0.102 | 0.363 | 3.077 *** | 0.603 | 6.211 *** | −0.149 | −1.6 |
lnTI | 1.535 | 9.597 *** | 1.151 | 8.635 *** | 1.69 | 7.279 *** | 1.741 | 9.599 *** | 1.506 | 8.545 *** |
lnUP | −0.601 | −6.465 *** | −0.433 | −5.580 *** | −0.778 | −5.748 *** | −0.378 | −3.583 *** | −0.57 | −5.569 *** |
lnGPE | −0.169 | −2.656 *** | −0.067 | −1.263 | 0.483 | 5.131 *** | 0.032 | −0.448 | −0.59 | −8.365 *** |
lnST | 0.205 | 5.033 *** | 0.218 | 6.437 *** | 0.208 | 3.543 *** | 0.259 | 5.604 *** | −0.116 | −2.586 *** |
lnKM | 0.209 | 4.876 *** | 0.285 | 8.006 *** | 0.156 | 2.414 ** | 0.279 | 5.738 *** | 0.332 | 6.968 *** |
lnFI | 0.236 | 7.460 *** | 0.17 | 6.452 *** | −0.121 | −2.645 *** | 0.063 | 1.759 * | 0.154 | 4.448 *** |
lnPT | 0.415 | 5.787 *** | 0.359 | 6.004 *** | 0.696 | 6.516 *** | 0.646 | 7.942 *** | 0.45 | 5.753 *** |
lnIIT | 0.156 | 5.845 *** | 0.131 | 5.906 *** | 0.312 | 7.740 *** | 0.104 | 3.433 *** | 0.297 | 10.067 *** |
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Ba, D.; Zhang, J.; Dong, S.; Xia, B.; Mu, L. Spatial-Temporal Characteristics and Driving Factors of the Eco-Efficiency of Tourist Hotels in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811515
Ba D, Zhang J, Dong S, Xia B, Mu L. Spatial-Temporal Characteristics and Driving Factors of the Eco-Efficiency of Tourist Hotels in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811515
Chicago/Turabian StyleBa, Duoxun, Jing Zhang, Suocheng Dong, Bing Xia, and Lin Mu. 2022. "Spatial-Temporal Characteristics and Driving Factors of the Eco-Efficiency of Tourist Hotels in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811515
APA StyleBa, D., Zhang, J., Dong, S., Xia, B., & Mu, L. (2022). Spatial-Temporal Characteristics and Driving Factors of the Eco-Efficiency of Tourist Hotels in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11515. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811515