Determinants of E-Cigarette and Cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults in Poland—PolNicoYouth Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sample
2.2. Questionnaire
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. E-Cigarette Use
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | N (%) | ||
---|---|---|---|
All | 19,241 (100) | ||
Gender | Female | 9164 (47.63) | |
Male | 10,077 (52.37) | ||
Age | ≤15 | 3634 (19.10) | |
16–17 | 9877 (51.92) | ||
≥18 | 5511 (28.97) | ||
Type of school | Grammar school | 8213 (43.41) | |
Vocational/technical | 10,708 (56.59) | ||
Mother’s education | Primary/vocational | 2377 (13.12) | |
Secondary education | 5736 (38.90) | ||
Higher education | 6632 (44.98) | ||
Father’s education | Primary/vocational | 3442 (24.20) | |
Secondary education | 6022 (42.33) | ||
Higher education | 4761 (33.47) | ||
Pocket money per month (PLN) | ≤150 | 8796 (58.63) | |
>150 | 6206 (41.37) | ||
Parental smoking | None | 10,297 (58.12) | |
Mother | 1772 (10.00) | ||
Father | 3150 (17.78) | ||
Both | 2499 (14.10) | ||
Parental e-cigarette use | None | 16,431 (93.97) | |
Mother | 275 (1.57) | ||
Father | 542 (3.10) | ||
Both | 237 (1.36) | ||
Parental heated tobacco product use | None | 16,476 (96.21) | |
Mother | 204 (1.19) | ||
Father | 221 (1.29) | ||
Both | 224 (1.31) | ||
Relative harmfulness of e-cigarettes compared to traditional cigarettes | Far less harmful | 3427 (18.27) | |
Less harmful | 4724 (25.19) | ||
Similar harmful | 4551 (24.26) | ||
More harmful | 1939 (10.34) | ||
Far more harmful | 1056 (5.63) | ||
I do not know | 3060 (16.31) | ||
Place of living | Rural | 8771 (47.99) | |
<20,000 inhabitants | 3784 (20.70) | ||
20–99,000 inhabitants | 3142 (17.20) | ||
100–500,000 Inhabitants | 1841 (10.07) | ||
>500,000 inhabitants | 737 (4.03) | ||
Exposure to tobacco marketing | Yes | 7857 (40.83) | |
No | 11,384 (59.17) | ||
Cigarette smoking status | Never | 9313 (48.4) | |
Ever | 9928 (51.6) | ||
Current | 4488 (23.3) | ||
E-cigarette use status * n = 19,113 (100.00) | Never | Yes | 9126 (47.75) |
No | |||
Ever | Yes | 9987 (52.25) | |
No | |||
Current | Yes | 5817 (30.43) | |
No |
Characteristics | Never Cigarette Users | E-Cigarette Users | OR Crude | 95% CI | p | OR Adjusted | 95% CI | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | 9313 (100.00) | 1271 | ||||||||
Gender | Female | 4475 (48.05) | 378 (71.05) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Male | 4838 (51.95) | 543 (73.48) | 1.13 | 0.88–1.45 | 0.34 | 1.08 | 0.88–1.32 | 0.49 | ||
Age | ≤15 | 2398 (26.16) | 221 (69.94) | 1.26 | 0.88–1.81 | 0.216 | 1.23 | 0.99–1.53 | 0.06 | |
16–17 | 5001 (54.55) | 544 (75.77) | 1.69 | 1.23–2.33 | 0.001 | 1.93 | 1.35–2.76 | 0.001 | ||
≥18 | 1769 (19.30) | 148 (64.91) | Ref | Ref. | ||||||
Type of school | Grammar school | 4455 (48.64) | 437 (70.94) | 1.15 | 0.90–1.47 | 0.260 | 1.14 | 0.86–1.50 | 0.37 | |
Vocational/ technical | 4704 (51.36) | 481 (73.77) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||||
Mother’s education | Primary/vocational | 1051 (15.02) | 108 (70.13) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Secondary education | 2653 (37.92) | 298 (71.98) | 1.20 | 1.13–1.98 | 0.01 | 1.14 | 1.04–1.54 | 0.04 | ||
Higher education | 3292 (47.06) | 343 (71.16) | 1.05 | 0.1–1.56 | 0.806 | 1.05 | 0.85–1.28 | 0.67 | ||
Father’s education | Primary/vocational | 1561 (22.98) | 156 (68.12) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Secondary education | 2847 (41.90) | 315 (72.92) | 1.26 | 0.89–1.79 | 0.20 | 1.24 | 0.95–1.64 | 0.12 | ||
Higher education | 2386 (35.12) | 259 (74.43) | 1.36 | 0.94–1.97 | 0.10 | 1.24 | 0.99–1.56 | 0.06 | ||
Pocket money per month (PLN) | ≤150 | 2532 (36.03) | 249 (68.03) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
>150 | 4496 (63.97) | 526 (75.47) | 1.45 | 1.09–1.91 | 0.01 | 1.71 | 1.25–2.34 | 0.001 | ||
Parental smoking | None | 5650 (66.27) | 577 (72.13) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Mother | 705 (8.27) | 93 (77.50) | 1.531 | 0.91–2.58 | 0.108 | 1.24 | 0.99–1.56 | 0.06 | ||
Father | 1349 (15.82) | 144 (69.23) | 1.15 | 0.825–1.604 | 0.410 | 1.54 | 0.79–3.00 | 0.20 | ||
Both | 822 (9.64) | 70 (74.47) | 1.30 | 1.75–2.25 | 0.001 | 2.03 | 1.45–3.18 | 0.01 | ||
Parental e-cigarette use | None | 8138 (95.68) | 842 (71.78) | Ref | Ref. | |||||
Mother | 93 (1.09) | 14 (87.50) | 1.33 | 0.26–1.66 | 0.21 | 1.39 | 0.27–3.59 | 0.36 | ||
Father | 213 (2.50) | 34 (85.00) | 1.89 | 0.69–5.33 | 0.38 | 1.58 | 0.78–6.28 | 0.78 | ||
Both | 61 (0.72) | 1 (33.33) | 4.56 | 1.08–19.33 | 0.04 | 1.70 | 1.30–2.24 | 0.001 | ||
Parental heated tobacco product use | None | 8089 (97.73) | 849 (72.01) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Mother | 63 (0.76) | 7 (77.78) | 1.59 | 0.28–3.25 | 0.44 | 1.78 | 0.55–4.21 | 0.69 | ||
Father | 69 (0.83) | 7 (77.78) | 1.46 | 0.41–5.19 | 0.56 | 1.11 | 0.44–2.80 | 0.83 | ||
Both | 56 (0.68) | 3 (75.00) | 0.85 | 0.22–3.31 | 0.82 | 1.41 | 0.98–2.04 | 0.07 | ||
Relative harmfulness of e-cigarettes compared to traditional cigarettes | Far less harmful | 1135 (12.48) | 169 (86.22) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Less harmful | 2221 (24.42) | 354 (79.02) | 1.60 | 1.38 | 1.96 | 0.03 | 1.85 | 0.86–1.97 | 0.34 | |
Similar harmful | 2481 (27.28) | 186 (62.84) | 0.27 | 0.17 | 1.432 | 0.29 | 0.32 | 0.21–1.47 | 0.25 | |
More harmful | 933 (10.26) | 47 (53.41) | 0.18 | 0.10 | 1.328 | 0.78 | 0.36 | 0.23–1.56 | 0.67 | |
Far more harmful | 519 (5.71) | 18 (50.00) | 0.16 | 0.07 | 1.345 | 0.32 | 0.19 | 0.11–1.32 | 0.45 | |
I do not know | 1805 (19.85) | 145 (71.78) | 0.41 | 0.24 | 1.676 | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.21–1.50 | 0.84 | |
Place of living | Rural | 4431 (50.15) | 423 (72.06) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
<20,000 inhabitants | 1768 (20.01) | 172 (70.49) | 0.93 | 0.67 | 1.29 | 0.65 | 1.24 | 0.95–1.64 | 0.12 | |
20–99,000 inhabitants | 1437 (16.26) | 165 (73.01) | 1.05 | 0.74 | 1.48 | 0.79 | 1.11 | 0.84–1.47 | 0.48 | |
100–500,000 inhabitants | 886 (10.03) | 108 (75.52) | 1.20 | 0.79 | 1.82 | 0.41 | 1.41 | 0.96–2.06 | 0.08 | |
>500,000 inhabitants | 313 (3.54) | 33 (82.50) | 1.828 | 1.03 | 2.214 | 0.04 | 1.48 | 1.32–2.84 | 0.04 | |
Exposure to tobacco marketing | Yes | 3218 (34.55) | 355 (73.80) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
No | 6095 (65.45) | 566 (71.65) | 0.90 | 0.70 | 1.16 | 0.40 | 0.88 | 0.70–1.16 | 0.41 |
Characteristics | Ever Cigarette Users | Cigarette Users | OR Crude | 95% CI | p | OR Adjusted | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | 4488 (100.00) | 2720 (60.61) | |||||||
Gender | Female | 2137 (47.62) | 1359 (63.59) | 1.27 | 1.13–1.43 | <0.001 | 1.50 | 1.11–2.03 | 0.009 |
Male | 2351 (52.38) | 1361 (57.89) | Ref. | ||||||
Age | ≤15 | 606 (13.58) | 389 (64.19) | 1.26 | 1.04–1.53 | 0.019 | 1.37 | 1.08–1.66 | 0.007 |
16–17 | 2201 (49.31) | 1341 (60.93) | 1.10 | 0.96–1.25 | 0.17 | 0.95 | 0.82–1.09 | 0.44 | |
≥18 | 1657 (37.12) | 973 (58.72) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Type of school | Grammar school | 1862 (41.96) | 1187 (63.75) | 1.263 | 1.12–1.43 | <0.001 | 1.38 | 0.78–1.72 | 0.21 |
Vocational/ technical | 2576 (58.04) | 1499 (58.19) | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Mother’s education | Primary/vocational | 610 (16.94) | 349 (57.21) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Secondary education | 1455 (40.41) | 878 (60.34) | 1.14 | 0.94–1.38 | 0.19 | 1.14 | 0.92–1.42 | 0.25 | |
Higher education | 1536 (42.65) | 949 (61.78) | 1.21 | 0.99–1.46 | 0.05 | 1.10 | 0.95–1.27 | 0.19 | |
Father’s education | Primary/vocational | 905 (26.10) | 523 (57.79) | Ref. | |||||
Secondary education | 1511 (43.58) | 915 (60.56) | 1.121 | 0.95–1.33 | 0.18 | 1.15 | 0.95–1.40 | 0.16 | |
Higher education | 1051 (30.31) | 640 (60.89) | 1.137 | 0.95–1.36 | 0.16 | 1.23 | 0.89–1.52 | 0.12 | |
Pocket money per month (PLN) | ≤150 | 2123 (58.13) | 1286 (60.57) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
>150 | 1529 (41.87) | 914 (59.78) | 1.034 | 0.90–1.18 | 0.63 | 1.09 | 0.87–1.36 | 0.45 | |
Parental smoking | None | 2423 (57.08) | 1499 (61.87) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Mother | 439 (10.34) | 247 (56.26) | 1.080 | 0.84–1.38 | 0.539 | 1.09 | 0.84–1.41 | 0.53 | |
Father | 774 (18.23) | 453 (58.53) | 1.185 | 0.96–1.47 | 0.120 | 1.19 | 0.25–1.78 | 0.44 | |
Both | 609 (14.35) | 331 (54.35) | 1.363 | 1.14–1.63 | 0.001 | 1.39 | 1.09–1.78 | 0.02 | |
Parental e-cigarette use | None | 3967 (94.27) | 2353 (59.31) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Mother | 56 (1.33) | 36 (64.29) | 1.24 | 0.71–2.14 | 0.45 | 1.44 | 0.70–2.99 | 0.32 | |
Father | 147 (3.49) | 98 (66.67) | 1.37 | 0.97–1.94 | 0.08 | 1.28 | 0.78–2.11 | 0.25 | |
Both | 38 (0.90) | 27 (71.05) | 1.68 | 0.83– 3.40 | 0.15 | 1.45 | 0.89–3.21 | 0.36 | |
Parental heated tobacco product use | None | 4004 (96.93) | 2378 (59.39) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Mother | 45 (1.09) | 33 (73.33) | 1.88 | 0.97–3.65 | 0.06 | 1.89 | 0.58–2.17 | 0.23 | |
Father | 54 (1.31) | 36 (66.67) | 1.37 | 0.77–2.42 | 0.28 | 1.25 | 0.87–2.52 | 0.38 | |
Both | 28 (0.68) | 20 (71.43) | 1.71 | 0.75– 3.89 | 0.20 | 1.54 | 0.78–3.17 | 0.47 | |
Relative harmfulness of e-cigarettes compared to traditional cigarettes | Far less harmful | 941 (21.29) | 559 (59.40) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
Less harmful | 1264 (28.60) | 830 (65.66) | 1.31 | 1.10–1.56 | 0.003 | 1.69 | 1.51–1.92 | 0.012 | |
Similar harmful | 1000 (22.63) | 569 (56.90) | 0.90 | 0.75–1.08 | 0.26 | 0.85 | 0.30–2.40 | 0.57 | |
More harmful | 408 (9.23) | 242 (59.31) | 0.10 | 0.79–1.26 | 0.98 | 1.11 | 0.78–3.24 | 0.15 | |
Far more harmful | 187 (4.23) | 91 (48.66) | 1.65 | 0.47–1.89 | 0.56 | 1.17 | 0.99–1.37 | 0.06 | |
I do not know | 619 (14.01) | 371 (59.94) | 1.02 | 0.83–1.26 | 0.84 | 1.32 | 0.78–2.12 | 0.63 | |
Place of living | Rural | 2039 (47.25) | 1224 (60.03) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
<20,000 inhabitants | 922 (21.37) | 551 (59.76) | 1.03 | 0.85–1.26 | 0.73 | 1.12 | 0.78–2.14 | 0.75 | |
20–99,000 inhabitants | 782 (18.12) | 461 (58.95) | 1.05 | 0.88–1.24 | 0.60 | 1.25 | 0.96–1.60 | 0.11 | |
100–500,000 inhabitants | 436 (10.10) | 277 (63.53) | 1.21 | 0.95–1.54 | 0.12 | 1.50 | 0.95–2.39 | 0.08 | |
>500,000 inhabitants | 136 (3.15) | 89 (65.44) | 1.32 | 0.90–1.930 | 0.16 | 1.10 | 0.90–1.33 | 0.33 | |
Exposure to tobacco marketing | Yes | 1980 (44.12) | 1214 (61.31) | Ref. | Ref. | ||||
No | 2508 (55.88) | 1506 (60.05) | 1.054 | 0.94–1.19 | 0.39 | 0.96 | 0.83–1.11 | 0.55 |
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Wężyk-Caba, I.; Znyk, M.; Zajdel, R.; Balwicki, Ł.; Tyrańska-Fobke, A.; Juszczyk, G.; Zajdel, K.; Świątkowska, B.; Kaleta, D. Determinants of E-Cigarette and Cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults in Poland—PolNicoYouth Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811512
Wężyk-Caba I, Znyk M, Zajdel R, Balwicki Ł, Tyrańska-Fobke A, Juszczyk G, Zajdel K, Świątkowska B, Kaleta D. Determinants of E-Cigarette and Cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults in Poland—PolNicoYouth Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(18):11512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811512
Chicago/Turabian StyleWężyk-Caba, Ilona, Małgorzata Znyk, Radosław Zajdel, Łukasz Balwicki, Anna Tyrańska-Fobke, Grzegorz Juszczyk, Karolina Zajdel, Beata Świątkowska, and Dorota Kaleta. 2022. "Determinants of E-Cigarette and Cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults in Poland—PolNicoYouth Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 18: 11512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811512
APA StyleWężyk-Caba, I., Znyk, M., Zajdel, R., Balwicki, Ł., Tyrańska-Fobke, A., Juszczyk, G., Zajdel, K., Świątkowska, B., & Kaleta, D. (2022). Determinants of E-Cigarette and Cigarette Use among Youth and Young Adults in Poland—PolNicoYouth Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11512. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811512