Mental Health and Physical Activity of Female Higher Education Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study from Lithuania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population, Area and Design
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
2.2.2. The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-15)
2.2.3. Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire (BPAQ)
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive and Frequency Analyses
3.2. Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. The Incidence for Symptoms of Mental Disorders
4.2. Somatic Complaints and Comorbid Mental Disorders Symptoms
4.3. The Disparities in Mental Health
4.4. Physical Activity for Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety
4.5. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Branch of Science | Eligible (N = 85,024) | Analysed (N = 1231) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |
Medicine and Health Sciences (MHS) | 12,930 | 15.2 | 630 | 51.1 |
Comparison group (CG) | 72,094 | 84.8 | 601 | 49.9 |
Social and Natural Sciences | 53,048 | 73.5 | 423 | 70.3 |
Humanities and Arts | 9304 | 12.9 | 125 | 20.8 |
Technological and Agricultural Sciences | 9742 | 13.5 | 53 | 9 |
Variables | Medicine and Health Sciences (N = 630) | Comparison Group † (N = 601) | V a/d b | Total (N = 1231) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
Age (yr), mean ± SD | 21.8 ± 3.8 | 21.4 ± 3.5 | 0.1 b | 21.6 ± 3.7 | |||
Year of study | |||||||
1st | 226 | 48.4 | 241 | 51.6 | 0.2 b,*** | 467 | 37.9 |
2nd | 140 | 46.7 | 160 | 53.3 | 300 | 24.4 | |
3rd | 82 | 45.8 | 97 | 54.2 | 179 | 14.5 | |
4–6th | 182 | 63.9 | 103 | 36.1 | 285 | 23.2 | |
Income (euros (€) per month) | |||||||
<200 | 213 | 46.6 | 243 | 53.4 | 0.04 b | 456 | 37 |
200–500 | 201 | 44.5 | 250 | 55.5 | 451 | 36.6 | |
>500 | 146 | 45 | 178 | 55 | 324 | 26.3 | |
Marital status | |||||||
Married | 31 | 54.4 | 26 | 45.6 | 0.03 a | 57 | 4.6 |
Single | 591 | 50.9 | 571 | 49.1 | 1162 | 94.4 | |
Divorced | 8 | 66.7 | 4 | 33.3 | 12 | 1 | |
Housing | |||||||
In one‘s own apartment | 76 | 58.9 | 53 | 41.1 | 0.1 a | 129 | 10.5 |
In a rented apartment | 157 | 47.4 | 174 | 52.6 | 331 | 26.9 | |
With parents | 247 | 54.6 | 205 | 45.4 | 452 | 36.7 | |
With friends | 34 | 58.6 | 24 | 41.4 | 58 | 4.7 | |
With relatives | 10 | 58.8 | 7 | 41.2 | 17 | 1.4 | |
In a dormitory | 106 | 43.4 | 138 | 56.6 | 244 | 19.8 | |
HADS-A score, mean ± SD | 9.6 ± 4.5 | 11.7 ± 4.4 | 10.4 ± 4.5 | ||||
Asymptomatic (score ≤ 7) | 220 | 62.9 | 130 | 37.1 | 0.4 b,*** | 350 | 28.4 |
Borderline (score: 8–10) | 129 | 53.3 | 113 | 46.7 | 242 | 19.7 | |
Severe (case) (score ≥ 11) | 281 | 44 | 358 | 56 | 639 | 51.9 | |
HADS-D score, mean ± SD | 5.2 ± 3.5 | 6.4 ± 3.8 | 5.8 ± 3.7 | ||||
Asymptomatic (score ≤ 7) | 478 | 54.9 | 392 | 45.1 | 0.3 b,*** | 870 | 70.7 |
Borderline (score: 8–10) | 102 | 45.1 | 124 | 54.9 | 226 | 18.4 | |
Severe (case) (score ≥ 11) | 50 | 37 | 85 | 63 | 135 | 11 | |
PHQ-15 score, mean ± SD | 10.6 ± 5.3 | 11.5 ± 5.3 | 11.1 ± 5.3 | ||||
Asymptomatic (score < 7) | 101 | 56.3 | 78 | 43.8 | 0.2 b,*** | 179 | 14.6 |
Mild (score: 5–10) | 198 | 45.6 | 235 | 54.4 | 433 | 35.2 | |
Moderate (score: 11–14) | 149 | 41.8 | 208 | 58.2 | 357 | 29 | |
Severe (case) (score ≥ 15) | 101 | 42.3 | 151 | 57.7 | 262 | 21.3 | |
Baecke total score, mean ± SD | 7.9 ± 1.3 | 7.4 ± 1.3 | 0.4 b,*** | 7.7 ± 1.3 | |||
Sport index score, mean ± SD | 2.6 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.7 | 0.4 b,*** | 2.5 ± 0.7 | |||
Leisure index score, mean ± SD | 2.8 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 0.2 b,*** | 2.7 ± 0.6 | |||
Work index score, mean ± SD | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 0.3 b,*** | 2.5 ± 0.6 |
PHQ-15 Score | Medicine and Health Sciences 1 | Comparison Group 2,† | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Β | 95% CI | p | β | 95% CI | p | |
HADS-A score | 0.6 | (0.5; 0.7) | <0.0001 | 0.5 | (0.4; 0.6) | <0.0001 |
HADS-D score | 0.3 | (0.2; 0.4) | <0.0001 | 0.2 | (0.04; 0.3) | 0.007 |
Variables | Baecke Index (Score) | Sport Index (Score) | Work Index (Score) | Leisure Index (Score) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | ORadj (95% CI) | β (SE) | ORadj (95% CI) | β (SE) | ORadj (95% CI) | β (SE) | ORadj (95% CI) | |
Medicine and Health Sciences | ||||||||
HADS-A score ≥ 11 1,a | 0.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 0.02 (0.3) | 0.9 (0.6–1.7) | 0.5 (0.3) | 1.6 (1–2.6) | –0.4 (0.3) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) |
HADS-D score ≥ 11 2,b | –0.4 (0.6) | 0.9 (0.2–3.1) | –1.1 (0.5) * | 0.4 (0.1–1) | 0.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | –0.1 (0.4) | 0.9 (0.4–2) |
Comparison group † | ||||||||
HADS-A score ≥ 11 3,c | 0.2 (0.3) | 1.2 (0.6–2.2) | –0.1 (0.2) | 0.9 (0.5–1.5) | 0.2 (0.2) | 1.2 (0.8–1.9) | 0.1 (0.2) | 1.1 (0.7–1.8) |
HADS-D score ≥ 11 4,d | –0.4 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.3–1.6) | –0.9 (0.4) * | 0.4 (0.2–0.9) | 0.2 (0.4) | 1.2 (0.6–2.4) | 0.4 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.8–2.7) |
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Baranauskas, M.; Kupčiūnaitė, I.; Stukas, R. Mental Health and Physical Activity of Female Higher Education Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study from Lithuania. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159725
Baranauskas M, Kupčiūnaitė I, Stukas R. Mental Health and Physical Activity of Female Higher Education Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study from Lithuania. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159725
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaranauskas, Marius, Ingrida Kupčiūnaitė, and Rimantas Stukas. 2022. "Mental Health and Physical Activity of Female Higher Education Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study from Lithuania" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159725