Resource-Strengthening Training for Parents of Adolescents with Problematic Gaming (Res@t-P): A Clinical Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Res@t-P
2.2. Participants and Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Psychological Factors
2.3.2. Parenting Factors
2.3.3. Family Factors
2.3.4. Adolescent PG
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.4.1. Data Management
2.4.2. Conditional Growth Models
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Psychological Factors
3.3. Parenting Factors
3.4. Family Factors
3.5. Adolescent PG
Predictors | IRR | CI | p | t(df) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological factor | |||||
(Intercept) | 0.52 | 0.23–1.19 | 0.122 | −1.56 (87) | |
Week | 0.96 | 0.93–0.99 | 0.009 | −2.66 (87) | |
PSS-4 | Covariates | ||||
Attended sessions | 1.15 | 1.01–1.31 | 0.036 | 2.13 (87) | |
BSI-18 | 1.44 | 1.15–1.81 | 0.002 | 3.25 (87) | |
R2marg = 0.220 | R2cond = 0.701 | ||||
Parental factors | |||||
(Intercept) | 1.13 | 0.48–2.67 | 0.775 | 0.29 (94) | |
Week | 1.02 | 1.00–1.04 | 0.083 | 1.75 (94) | |
FSW | Covariates | ||||
Attended sessions | 0.96 | 0.84–1.10 | 0.575 | −0.56 (94) | |
BSI-18 | 0.76 | 0.59–0.98 | 0.036 | −2.13 (94) | |
R2marg = 0.085 | R2cond = 0.633 | ||||
(Intercept) | 0.41 | 0.16–1.05 | 0.064 | −1.87 (91) | |
Week | 1.03 | 1.01–1.05 | 0.004 | 2.92 (91) | |
MR-6 | Covariates | ||||
Attended sessions | 1.12 | 0.97–1.30 | 0.128 | 1.54 (91) | |
BSI-18 | 1.12 | 0.85–1.47 | 0.413 | 0.82 (91) | |
R2marg = 0.094 | R2cond = 0.690 | ||||
Family factors | |||||
(Intercept) | 0.79 | 0.33–1.87 | 0.588 | −0.54 (94) | |
Week | 1.04 | 1.01–1.06 | <0.001 | 3.40 (94) | |
FCS | Covariates | ||||
Attended sessions | 1.00 | 0.87–1.14 | 0.983 | −0.02 (94) | |
BSI-18 | 0.78 | 0.60–1.01 | 0.059 | −1.91 (94) | |
R2marg = 0.099 | R2cond = 0.722 | ||||
(Intercept) | 0.76 | 0.33–1.76 | 0.518 | −0.65 (93) | |
Week | 1.03 | 1.00–1.06 | 0.031 | 2.19 (93) | |
FB-K | Covariates | ||||
Attended sessions | 1.00 | 0.88–1.15 | 0.956 | 0.06 (93) | |
BSI-18 | 0.91 | 0.71–1.17 | 0.473 | −0.72 (93) | |
R2marg = 0.040 | R2cond = 0.627 | ||||
Adolescent PG | |||||
(Intercept) | 4.89 | 2.46–9.71 | <0.001 | 4.60 (89) | |
Week | 0.97 | 0.95–0.99 | 0.009 | −2.69 (89) | |
PIGDS | Covariates | ||||
Attended sessions | 0.81 | 0.73–0.90 | <0.001 | −3.88 (89) | |
BSI-18 | 1.13 | 0.91–1.40 | 0.273 | 1.10 (89) | |
R2marg = 0.137 | R2cond = 0.875 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Parental Psychological Stress
4.2. Parenting Factors
4.2.1. Parental Self-Efficacy
4.2.2. Media Rules
4.3. Family Factors
4.4. Adolescent PG Symptoms
4.5. Closing a Gap and Outlook
4.6. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Absolute Frequency (Relative Frequency in %) | Mean (SD) | |
---|---|---|---|
Sociodemographic measures | |||
Parent | |||
Mother | 31 (72.1) | ||
Father | 12 (27.9) | ||
Age | |||
All parents | 48.72 (6.78) | ||
Mothers | 46.74 (5.92) | ||
Fathers | 53.83 (6.35) | ||
Children | |||
Number of children in a household | 1.86 (0.77) | ||
Relationship status | |||
Married/Relationship | 22 (51.2) | ||
Single | 5 (11.6) | ||
Separated | 15 (34.9) | ||
Widowed | 1 (2.3) | ||
Migration background | |||
Yes | 14 (32.6) | ||
No | 29 (67.4) | ||
Occupational status | |||
Not working | 7 (16.3) | ||
Working part-time | 14 (32.6) | ||
Working fulltime | 22 (51.2) | ||
School education | |||
Lower school certificate (Hauptschulabschluss) | 2 (4.7) | ||
Secondary school certificate (Realschulabschluss) | 11 (25.6) | ||
University entry qualification (Abitur/Fachhochschulreife) | 29 (67.4) | ||
Other | 1 (2.3) | ||
Treatment measures | |||
Participation | |||
With the other parent | 18 (41.9) | ||
Alone | 25 (58.1) | ||
Completers | Yes No | 34 (79.07) 9 (20.93) | |
Attended sessions | |||
All parents | 6.00 (1.95) | ||
Mothers | 6.39 (1.80) | ||
Fathers | 5.00 (2.05) | ||
Psychometric measures Psychological factors | |||
PSS-4 | Start of training (baseline) End of training (8 weeks after baseline) Follow-up (14 weeks after baseline) | 7.4 (3.1) 6.9 (3.1) 6.0 (3.5) | |
BSI-18 | Start of training (baseline) End of training (8 weeks after baseline) Follow-up (14 weeks after baseline) | 7.9 (7.0) 8.0 (7.8) 5.9 (6.6) | |
Parenting factors | |||
FSW | Start of training (baseline) End of training (8 weeks after baseline) Follow-up (14 weeks after baseline) | 41.2 (4.4) 41.5 (5.4) 42.6 (5.1) | |
MR-6 | Start of training (baseline) End of training (8 weeks after baseline) Follow-up (14 weeks after baseline) | 7.4 (4.6) 9.4 (5.0) 9.6 (4.5) | |
Family factors | |||
FB-K | Start of training (baseline) End of training (8 weeks after baseline) Follow-up (14 weeks after baseline) | 32.7 (6.7) 36.5 (7.0) 35.7 (8.5) | |
FCS | Start of training (baseline) End of training (8 weeks after baseline) Follow-up (14 weeks after baseline) | 25.3 (6.0) 29.1 (6.4) 28.8 (7.3) | |
Adolescent PG | |||
PIGDS | Start of training (baseline) End of training (8 weeks after baseline) Follow-up (14 weeks after baseline) | 8.2 (1.8) 6.9 (2.7) 6.9 (2.9) |
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Hülquist, J.; Fangerau, N.; Thomasius, R.; Paschke, K. Resource-Strengthening Training for Parents of Adolescents with Problematic Gaming (Res@t-P): A Clinical Pilot Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 9495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159495
Hülquist J, Fangerau N, Thomasius R, Paschke K. Resource-Strengthening Training for Parents of Adolescents with Problematic Gaming (Res@t-P): A Clinical Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(15):9495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159495
Chicago/Turabian StyleHülquist, Joel, Nicole Fangerau, Rainer Thomasius, and Kerstin Paschke. 2022. "Resource-Strengthening Training for Parents of Adolescents with Problematic Gaming (Res@t-P): A Clinical Pilot Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15: 9495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159495
APA StyleHülquist, J., Fangerau, N., Thomasius, R., & Paschke, K. (2022). Resource-Strengthening Training for Parents of Adolescents with Problematic Gaming (Res@t-P): A Clinical Pilot Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159495